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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural law
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Morals are based on nature. They are not invented by men
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David Hume
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argued that ration is slave to the passions. As such, morality is not based on reason, but on how we feel about certain actions.
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Communitariansism
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builds on Hume’s theories and puts forth that there are things of value that cannot be understood from only the point of view of the individual. Things such as solidarity and reciprocity only make sense at the group level. As such, there needs of the community must be weighed against the needs of the individual.
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Social contract
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a. The social contract is the imaginary obligations and method of enforcement that people allegedly subscribe to in a civil society. Some moral philosophers think that man is naturally aggressive and selfish to such an extent that the social contract is completely unnatural (and therefore requires strong enforcement). Other philosophers think that the social contract is much more natural and requires less force.
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Deontological
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a. Actions are wrong or right are not based on the outcome of the action. Actions are right or wrong in themselves. So, according to deontology, lying is wrong even if it would save someone’s life.
b. Sometimes called nonconsequentialist. c. Morality is based on duty. |
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Utilitarianism
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is a way of evaluating moral decisions based on the amount of pleasure that it provides. Good is defined as what brings pleasure to people. Bad is that which brings pain.
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John Stuart Mill
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is a strong proponent of utility
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Virtue ethics
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Virtue ethics are based on the character (virtues) of humans
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Aristotle
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promoted virtue ethics. Aristotle argued that happiness is the ultimate good
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Nietzsche
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c. Nietzsche did not feel that humans had a will to happiness, but that they had a will to power. He argued that all people desired power more than anything else did. However, only the strong could attain any type of real power
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