Excellsior Microbiology

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The smallest replicated biological agent

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prion

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prion

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a protein that causes itself to be replicated by the way it folds

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what damage does prions do?

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abnormally folded prion proteins accumulate in the brain until the brain tissue is destroyed and the host dies

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6 most abundant elements in microbes

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carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

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6 most abundant types of molecules in a living bacterium are

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water, proteins, rna, carbohydrates, lipids, and dna

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the most abundant component of living bacteria

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water

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autotrophs

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bacteria that can use carbon dioxide from the air as their carbon source

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heterotrophs

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bacteria that require their carbon source in an organic form

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fastidious organisms

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bacteria that do not produce their own vitamins, usually because they can acquire them from the host

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auxotrophs

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mutant bacteria that are incapable of synthesizing an organic molecule such as a vitamin

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photoautotrophs

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bacteria that derive energy from rocks or minerals rather than sunlight or organic materials

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halophiles

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bacteria that have adapted to growth in high-salt conditions

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methanogens

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bacteria that derive energy from carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce methane gas

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chemoautotrophs

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bacteria that derive energy from rocks or minerals rather than sunlight or organic materials

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how are culture media produced

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agar is added to the culture broth, the entire mix is boiled to melt the agar and the mix poured into petri dishes where it solidifies as it cools to room temperature

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defined media

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the complete chemical contents are known because they are made of known chemicals

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complex media

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includes some component that is from biological source, animal or plant in which some of the constituent chemicals are not known

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selective media

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allows some organisms to grow but the organisms appear differently for instance a different color

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pure bacterial cultures are obtained by

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streaking a sample of bacteria onto a petri dish so that individual bacteria fall in well isolated positions. the bacteria are grown into colonies so that individual colonies can be recovered as pure cultures

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aseptic technique

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used to work with microbial cultures

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handling samples so that they do not become contaminated from the outside

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aseptic technique

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how does diffusion assist a cell nutritionally

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because of Brownian motion, nutrients molecules are constantly moving, they make contact with the bacterium pass through outer layers, and diffuse to the bacterias cytoplasmic membrane where the cell can transport them inside

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what prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic or hydrostatic pressure

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the strength of cell from the peptidoglycan layer prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic or hydrostatic pressure

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obligate aerobes

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bacteria that absolutely require oxygen to grow

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facultative anaerobes

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bacteria that grow with or without oxygen

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microarophiles

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bacteria that require reduced levels of oxygen

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obligate anaerobes

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bacteria that grow in acidic environments

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psychrophiles

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microbes that thrive in cold temperatures

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psychrotrophs

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cold-adapted mesophilic bacteria considered food spoilers

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mesophiles

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bacteria that thrive in warm temperatures

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thermophiles

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archaea that thrive in hot temperatures

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thermoduric bacteria

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bacteria that cannot frow in high temperatures but also are not killed by high temperatures

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symbiosis

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a relationship in which different organisms grow with one another

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synergism

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a relationship in which the total growth of 2 or more organisms is more than would have resulted had they grown independently

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commensalism

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a relationship in which 1 organism helps another but is unaffected itself

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antagonism

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a harmful relationship between 2 organisms

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normal flora

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the native microbes that an individual harbors without causing disease