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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phototrophs
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get energy from light
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chemotrophs
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get energy from chemical compounds
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chemolithotrophs
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get energy from inorganic compounds
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chemoorganotrophs
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get energy from organic compounds
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autotrophs
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use CO2 as sole source of carbon
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heterotrophs
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use organic compounds other than
CO2 |
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metabolism
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refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
reactions are enhanced by enzymes |
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enzymes
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proteins that catalyze the rate of biochemical reactions
can exert its effect on one particular substrate available to catalyze the same reaction over and over |
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endoenzymes
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produced within a cell to catalyze reactions within the cell
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exoenzymes
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produces within a cell and released to catalyze extracellular reaction
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phototrophs
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get energy from light
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chemotrophs
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get energy from chemical compounds
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chemolithotrophs
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get energy from inorganic compounds
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chemoorganotrophs
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get energy from organic compounds
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autotrophs
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use CO2 as sole source of carbon
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heterotrophs
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use organic compound other than CO2 for carbon
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metabolism
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refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell
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enzymes
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proteins that catalyze the rate of biochemical reactions
can only exert its effect on one particular substrate is available to catalyze the same reaction over and over |
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endoenzymes
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produced within a cell to catalyze reactions within the cell
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factors that affect enzyme efficiency
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pH, temperature, substrate concentration, inhibitors
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catabolism
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the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller one; energy is released.
cells major source of energy |
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glycolysis
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9-step biochemical pathway, no oxygen, net gain 2 ATP
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The Krebs Cycle
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8-step process, only produces 2 ATP, produces a number of NADH, H+, and FADH
in eukaryotes: mitochondria in prokaryotes: inner surface of cell membrane |
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electron-transport chain
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series of oxidation reduction; net gain of 36 ATP in EK, 38 ATP in PK
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ATP
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most commonly used energy storage molecule
energy currency catabolism produces ATP anabolism uses ATP |
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anabolism
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most of energy required is provided by the catabolic reactions
biosynthesis of organic compounds chemosynthesis |
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genotype
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collection of genes
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phenotype
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physical traits
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constitutive genes
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expressed more of less all the time
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inducible genes
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expressed only in some conditions or in response to some stimulus
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mutations
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changes in DNA sequence
beneficial: enables organism to survive harmful: leads to production of nonfunctional enzymes silent: no effect on cell |
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mutagens
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physical or chemical agents that increase mutation rate
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Ames test
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way of finding out whether a particular chemical is mutagenic
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plasmid
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extrachromosomal DNA
some carry genes for Ab resistance "superbug" |
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episome
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plasmid integrated into the chromosome
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lysogenic conversion
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temperate phages inject their DNA into bacterial cell
phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome bacterial cell exhibits new properties |
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transduction
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genetic material may be carried across by a virus
only small segments of DNA are transferred |
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transformation
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bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed after the uptake of DNA fragments from the environment
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competence
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ability to absorb this DNA into the cell
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conjugation
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involves sex pilus
bacterial cell with sex pilus attaches to another some genetic material (plasmid) transferred |
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Genetic engineering
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transfer eukaryotic genes (human) into easily cultured cells to manufacture gene products
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Gene therapy
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insertion of normal gene to correct for defective gene
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factors that affect microbial growth
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availability of nutrients
moisture temperature pH osmotic pressure/salinity barometric pressure gaseous atmosphere |
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thermophiles
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grow best at high temperatures
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mesophiles
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grow best at moderate temps
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psychrophiles
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prefer cold temps
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psychrotrophs
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optimal refrigerator temps
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psychroduric
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prefer warmer temps, but can tolerate very cold temps & can be preserved in frozen state
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acidophiles
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prefer 2 to 5 pH
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alkaliphiles
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prefer >8.5 pH
vibro cholerae - only human pathogen that grows well >8pH |
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hypertonic
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concetration outside the cell is greater than inside.
water will move out of cell (crenation) cell membrane and cytoplasm shrink away from the cell wall (plasmolysis) |
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hypotonic
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concetrations of solutes outside the cell is less than inside
water enters cells (lyse) |
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plasmoptysis
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escape of cytoplasm from the bacterial cell
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isotonic
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concentrations of solutes outside a cell equals inside
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halophilic
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microbes that prefer salty environments
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haloduric
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organisms that do not prefer salty environments, but can survive
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piezophiles
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a few species of bacteria or archaea that like to grow at high pressures deep in the ocean of in oil wells
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bacterial growth
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refers to an increase int he number of organisms
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generation time
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the time it takes for one cell to become two cells by binary fission
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enriched medium
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broth or solid; contains a rich supply of special nutrients, that promote the growth of fastidious organisms
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selective medium
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has added inhibitors that discourage the growth of certain organisms being sought
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differential medium
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permits the differentiation of organisms that grow on the medium
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Thioglycollate THIO
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supports growth of all categories of bacteria from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes
concentration of oxygen decreases with depth |
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spectorphotometer
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a beam of light is passed through the liquid, as the bacteria increase in number, the liquid becomes cloudy
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viable plate count
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serial dilutions of the sample are prepared then inoculated after overnights incubation, number of colonies are counted
#colonies X dilution factors |
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bacterial population growth curve
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lag phase
log phase stationary phase death phase |
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lag phase
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bacteria absorb nutrients, synthesize enzymes, and prepare for cell division
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log phase
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bacteria multiply so rapidly that the # of organisms doubles per generation time
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stationary phase
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nutrients are used up, toxins build up number dividing equals number dying
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death phased
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toxins increase, nutrients decrease microorganisms die at rapid rate.
some spore may be produced to survive |
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chemostat
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continuously controlled environment regulated supply of nutrients and removal of waste products
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