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237 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phospholipid Bilayer |
-make up of the plasma membrane -hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails |
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Fluid Mosaic Model |
- term to describe the plasma membrane |
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Selectively/ Differently Permeable |
- plasma membrane is differently permeable meanig some particles can move across the membrane while others cannot -most particles move across the membrane due to the high concentration gradient that is high on one side of the cell and low on the other |
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Diffusion |
-movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until both sides are at equilibrium |
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Osmosis |
- diffusion of water across the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Isotonic |
- solute concentration and water concentration are at equilibrium both inside and outside the cell - no net gain or lose of water |
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Hypotonic |
-solution with a lower concentration of solute, more water - can cause cell to burst |
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Hypertonic |
-solution with a higher concentration of solute, less water -can cause cell to shrivel |
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Crenation |
-the shrivelling of a cell in a hypertonic solution |
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Plasmolysis |
- shrinking of the cytoplasm in a plant cell, when placed in a hypertonic solution |
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Turgor Pressure |
-created by the swelling of a plant cell in a hypotonic solution |
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Cytolysis |
- a bursted plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution |
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Facilitated Transport |
- the passage of molecules (like glucose and amino acids) across the membrane by carrier proteins |
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Active Transport |
-when molecules or ions move through the plasma membrane, when accumulation occurs -carrier proteins are needed to transport the molecules against the gradient -ATP is required for carrier protein to combine with the molecule being transported |
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Exocytosis |
- when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs to the outside of the cell |
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Endocytosis |
- cells take in substance by vesicle formation -carry substances to locations within the cell |
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Pinocytosis |
-form of endocytosis -vesicles form around small particles (such as liquids) to bring them into the cell |
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Phagocytosis |
- form of endocytosis -when the material taken into the cell by endocytosis is large such as food particles |
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Metabolism |
-a combination of reactions that store and release energy |
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Anabolism |
- a reaction that creates molecules to store energy -build up new molecules -endergonic reaction (require energy) |
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Catabolism |
-reaction that breaks down substances for energy -releases energy (exergonic reactions) |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
-carries energy between reaction -stores energy in a form of high energy chemical bonds -bonds can be broken to release stored energy to power other reactions |
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Homeostasis |
-relative constancy of the body's internal environment |
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Dynamic Equilibrium |
- how an organism corrects any non-normal conditions to maintain homeostasis |
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Sensor |
- 1st component of negative feedback loop for homeostasis -detects change in internal conditions |
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Control Center |
-2nd component of negative feedback loop for homeostasis -directs a response to bring conditions back to their normal value (set point) |
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Effector |
- 3rd component of negative feedback loop for homeostatsis - signaled by control centre, actions causes conditions to return to normal |
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Negative Feedback |
- mechanism of homeostasis in which a body system acts to reverse a chance in the body's internal environment |
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Thermoregulation |
- control of the body's internal temperature |
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Osmoregulation |
- maintains constant water balance |
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Metabolic Pathway |
- a series of reaction which begins with a specific reactant and produces an end product -each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
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Substrate |
-reactants in an enzymatic reaction |
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Hydrolytic Reactions |
-substrate interacts with water and results in a decomposition of that substrate -breaks down macromolecules to monomers |
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Salivary Amylase |
-catalyzes reaction : starch + H2O = peptides -starch hydrolyzed to disaccharides -occurs in mouth |
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Pepsin |
- catalyzes reaction: protein + H2O = peptides - pepsinogen is activated to pepsin when pH is less than 2 - occurs in the stomach with presence of HCl |
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Pancreatic Amylase |
- catalyses reaction : starch + H2O = maltose -occurs in the duodenum - completes digestion of starches to disaccharide |
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Trypsin |
- catalyses reaction : protein + H2O = peptides - occurs in duodenum |
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Lipase |
-catalyzes reaction : fats + H2O = glycerol and 3 fatty acids - occurs in duodenum -glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed into villi and rejoined and packaged as lipoproteins |
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Peptidases |
- catalyzes reaction: peptides + H2O = amino acids - occurs in small intestines |
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Maltase |
- catalyzes reaction: maltose + H2O = 2 glucose - occurs in small intestine -each disaccharide has its own enzyme - lacking enzyme causes illness, example lactose intolerance= lack of lactose enzyme |
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Carbohydrates |
- primary energy source for body - converted to glucose, brain can only use glucose as energy source |
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Complex Carbohydrates |
- made up of long strings of sugar molecules - gradually broken down to glucose -contain fiber |
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Monosaccharide |
-simple sugars (1 sugar molecule) - fructose, glucose, galactose |
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Disaccharide |
- molecule of sugar made up of 2 simple sugars - sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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Polysaccharide |
- molecule of sugar made up of more than 2 simple sugars -starch, cellulose, glycogen |
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Proteins |
-help with growth and development -regulates metabolism -energy source -makes structural protein -important for muscle, hair, skin and nails |
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Amino Acids |
- 20 essential amino acids - 12 synthesized by body, 8 supplied through diet -not stored, must take daily supply
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Incomplete Protein |
- plant origin - lack essential amino acids - vegetarians must combine plant protein sources to obtain all 20, such as grains and legumes |
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Complete Protein |
- contain all 20 amino acids -egg, milk, meat |
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Saturated Fat |
-solid at room temperature -animal origin - associated with cardiovascular disease |
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Unsaturated Fat |
-oils have percentage of mono and polyunsaturated fats |
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Trans Fat |
- hydrogenated unsaturated fatty acids -may reduce ability to clear cholesterol |
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Omega 3 Fatty Acids |
- double bond in third position -protective against heart disease -cold water fish, flax seed oil |
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Coenzyme |
-organic molecules that are required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis |
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Cofactors |
- inorganic substances that are required for, or increase rate of catalysis |
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Obesity |
-body weight is 20% above normal, or BMI above 30.0 -17% of women and 20% of men in Canada -hormonal, metabolic, social factors - treated with behaviour modification |
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Anorexia |
- morbid fear of gaining weight -disorted self image -symptoms of starving: low blood pressure, constant chilliness, irregular heartbeat -treatment: force feeding and physcology |
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Bulimia |
- binging and purging - can coexist with obesity and anorexia - can damage kidneys and cause fatal arrhythmias -treatments: physcotherapy, medications |
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Ingestion |
-taking in of food |
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Digestion |
-breaking down of food into smaller pieces -mechanical digestion |
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Esophagus |
-conduction of food through peristalsis -passes from pharynx to stomach |
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Sphincter |
- muscles that encircle tubes and act like valves -located at entrance to stomach |
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Muscosa |
-layer in wall of digestive tract -epithelium supported by connective tissue -lines lumen -goblet cells produce mucosa -glandular epithelial cells produce enzymes |
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Submucosa |
- loose connective tissue - contains blood vessels |
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Muscularis |
-2 layers of smooth muscles -longitudinal: outer, runs along length go gut -circular: inner, encircles tube |
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Serosa |
-squamous epithelium -supported by connective tissue -secretes serous fluid |
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Stomach |
-thick walled J shaped organ -lies on left side of abdomen -function : mechanical and chemical digestion |
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Ulcer |
- open sore in stomach wall |
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Small Intestine |
-absorbs most of nutrients from food -duodenum -jejunum -ileum |
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Duodenum |
- principal site of digestion of nutrients -receives bile from liver -receives pancreatic juice from pancreas |
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Pancreatic juice |
- contains many enzymes for digestion of nutrients -contains bicarbonates to neutralize pH |
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Jejunum and Ileum |
- principal site of absorption of nutrients - lined with villi which increase surface area |
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Large Intestine |
-absorbs water from chyme -cecum -colon |
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Chyme |
- semi liquid of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum |
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Cecum |
-blind end of the large intestine, at junction of the small intestine |
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Appendix |
- projection of cecum - play role in fighting infections |
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Colon |
- ascending, transverse and descending portion - absorption of water and salts -terminates at rectum -defecation reflex |
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Villi |
-lines the jejunum and ileum - outer layer of columnar epithelium -contain lymph lacteals, which absorb far acids and glycerol - contain blood capillaries, absorb sugars and amino acids |
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Bile |
- produced by liver -stored in gall bladder - composed of bilirubin which gives it the greenish color, and bile salts |
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Inspiration |
breathing in |
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Expiration |
breathing out |
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Ventilation |
encompasses inspiration and expiration |
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Nasal Cavity |
- 2 canals separated by septum - lined by mucous membrane - warms, cleanses and humidifies air |
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Pharynx |
-connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx |
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Larynx |
- passageway for air between pharynx and trachea -holds vocal chords |
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Trachea |
-connects larynx with primary bronchi -enfront of esophagus, supported by C-shaped cartilage rings -lined with epithelium |
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Bronchi |
-main passageway into the lungs |
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Bronchioles |
-branch off from bronchi, terminate with alveoli |
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Diaphragm |
- separates thoratic cavity and abdominal cavity -main muscle of respiration -contraction of muscle expands the lungs during inspiration |
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Lungs |
-divided into 2 lobes - covered by serous pleural membrane -bring oxygen to blood -expells CO2 |
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Alveoli |
- end of bronchioles - made up of simple epithelium, surrounded by blood capillaries - area of gas exchange |
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Tidal Volume |
- the amount of air moving in and out each breath -average is 500mL |
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Vital Capacity |
- max volume moved in and moved out in breath |
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Rib Cage |
- top and sides of thoracic cavity which holds the lungs - intercostal muscles lie between the ribs |
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Gas Exchange |
- process of bringing oxygen into bloodstream and eliminate CO2 from bloodstream |
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Plasma |
-55% of blood -fluid portion that contains wastes and nutrients |
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Albumins |
-plasma proteins -maintain fluid levels by osmotically drawing water back into capillaries |
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Fibrogen |
-plasma proteins that aid in blood clotting |
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Immunoglobins |
-plasma proteins that function as antibodies -transport proteins |
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Erythrocytes |
-red blood cells - 4 to 6 million per mm3 of whole blood - transport gas around the body |
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Biconcave disk |
-structure of red blood cells -increases surface area, which increases ability for gas exchange |
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Hemoglobin |
-red iron containing pigment which gives blood its color |
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Leukocytes |
-white blood cells - cells without hemoglobin |
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Neutrophils |
-most abundant white blood cell -phagocytic |
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Basophils |
-granules stain deep blue and release histamine |
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Lymphocytes |
- T and B cells -play role in immunity |
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Monocytes |
-largest WBC, phagocytic -differiate into macrophages and dendritic cells |
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Eosinophils |
-granules stain red -phagocytize allergens |
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Granulocytes |
- WBC that have visible granules in cytoplasm - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
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Argranulocytes |
-WBC that lack visible granules -lymphocytes, monocytes |
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Phagocytic |
-cells that absorb water and foreign bodies in the bloodstream and tissues |
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Platlets |
-tiny cells that play an important role in blood clotting -form a plug for immediate stoppage of bleeding |
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Antigen |
-located on surface of RBC - allows our body to recognize our own cells |
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Antibody |
-Y shaped protein produced when body recognizes foreign antigen -attach to foreign cells and cause aglunation |
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Osmotic Pressure |
- causes water to move from the tissue to the blood due to the presence of plasma proteins and salts |
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Aglunation |
-clumping together of cells |
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Rh Factor |
-based on ability to make an antigen -Rh+, can make the Rh antigen -Rh-, cannot make the Rh antigen |
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Universal Donor |
-o negative - no antigens, so does not trigger immune reponse from any blood type -recognizes all other types as foreign so only can receive o negative |
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Universal Receiver |
AB+ no anitbodies |
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Arteries |
- carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries -thick walls with distinct layers |
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Veins |
-carry blood back to the heart -largest blood vessels -thin walls |
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Arterioles |
- branch of from arteries -able to change diameter |
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Veneules |
-take blood from capillaries to veins |
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Capillaries |
-smallest blood vessels - connect arterioles to veinuoles -single layer of endothelium |
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Varicose Veins |
-caused when valves in veins stop functioning properly - blood flows backwards and pools into veins |
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Arteriosclerosis |
- wall of vein becomes thick and less elastic |
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Heart |
- 4 chambered pump which pumps blood to the whole body |
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Atria |
-top portion of the heart -thin walled |
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Ventricle |
-bottom portion of heart -thick muscular walls |
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Myocardium |
-muscular wall of the heart -inner surface lined with endocardium, outer surface lined with pericardium |
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Atrioventricular Valves |
-lie between the atrium and ventricle on each side - mitral valve and tricuspid valve |
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Mitral Valve |
-between the left atrium and ventricle -controls blood flow between the 2 chambers |
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tricuspid valve |
-between right atrium and ventricle -controls blood flow between the 2 chambers |
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Semilunar Valves |
-between ventricle and great vessel on each side - aortic and pulmonary valve |
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Aortic Valve |
- between left ventricle and aorta |
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Pulmonary Valve |
- between right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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Hydrostatic Pressure |
-causes water to move from the blood into the tissues |
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Aorta |
-branches off left ventricle -carries oxygenated blood to the whole body |
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Superior Vena Cava |
- vein that beings deoxygenated blood from upper body |
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Inferior Vena Cava |
-veins that brings deoxygenated blood from lower body |
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Systole |
-contraction of the heart |
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Diastole |
-relaxation of the heart |
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Sinoatrial Node |
-bundle of specialized nerves and muscles -located where vena cava enters right atrium - sends signal to the 2 atrias |
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Atrioventricular Node |
- located at the lower part of the right atrium close the tricuspid valve -picks up electrical impulses |
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Purkinje Fibres |
- two large nerve fibres that run though the septum -carries AV node signals |
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Tachycardia |
- fast heart bear exceeding 100 bp |
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Bradycardia |
-slow heart beat -lower than 60bpm |
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Electrocardiagram |
-test that measures the electrical activity of the heart |
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Systolic Number |
-pressure when your heart contracts and pushes blood out -highest number |
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Diastolic Number |
- pressure when heart relaxes between beats -lowest pressure |
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Sphygmomanometer |
-measures blood pressure indirectly -measures pressure exerted by blood in brachial arteries |
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Cardiac Output |
-volume of blood pumped from heart each minute -increased output increase pressure |
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Arterioler Resistance |
-diameter of arterioles is regulated by muscles in the wall -constriction; reduces blood flow = higher pressure -dilation; increases blood flow= lower pressure |
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Nitrogenous wastes |
-urea -creatininine -uric acid |
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Water salt balance |
-blood volume is associated with salt balance -salt causes osmosis into blood -regulates potassium, bicarbonate and calcium ions |
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Acid base balance |
-excretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate -urine pH is around 6 due to high acid diet |
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Secretion of hormones |
-renin -erythropoietin |
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Renin |
-once released by kidneys leads to release of aldosterone from adrenals -aldosterone supports reabsorption of sodium ions |
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Erythropoietin |
-stimulates red blood cell production -activates vitamin D for calcium absorption |
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Kidneys |
-located in lumbar regions -behind peritoneum -covered by tough capsule -concave side called hilus |
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Ureters |
-long tubes that transport urine from kidneys to the bladder -conveys urine through peristalsis -3 layered wall: muscosa, smooth muscle, connective tissue |
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Bladder |
-stores urine - expandable due to the middle layer of circular muscle and 2 layers of longitudinal muscle -lined with transitional epithelium -2 sphincters |
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Urethra |
-conducts urine out of the body -in male its longer and conducts sperm out of body -women shorter so more prone to urinary tract infections |
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Nephron |
-functional unit of a kidney - each composed of system of tubules -regulates concentration of water and solutions of waste materials by filtering blood |
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Glomerular capsule |
-cuplike structure -inner layer of podocytes -removes small molecules from blood |
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Proximal Convoluted Tubules |
-reabsorbs particles because it had micro villi |
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Loop of Henle |
-U shaped tube -lined with simple squamous epithelium -conducts urine within each nephron -extends to medulla |
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Distal Convoluted Tubules |
- no microvilli -absorbs water, sodium, and secretion of hydrogen potassium |
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Collecting Duct |
-transports urine from nephrons to the ureters -absorbs water |
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Renal Vein |
-branches of inferior vena cava - carries deoxygenated blood from kidneys to the heart |
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Renal Artery |
-carries blood from the heart to the kidneys -branch off aorta into the kidneys |
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Capillary Network |
-when blood leaves the kidney, minerals and ions are reabsorbed through the capillaries into the blood |
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Glomerulus |
-blood enters through afferent arteriole -substance passed through by the capsule is absorbed |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
-sensory and motor nerves |
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Central Nervous System |
- brain and spinal cord |
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Sensory Neuron |
-take messages to CNS |
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Motor Neuron |
-take messages from CNS |
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Interneuron |
-lies within CNS -receives input from sensory neutrons and other neutrons -summarize messages and communicate with motor neurons |
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Cell Body |
- structure of neutron which contains the nucleus and most organelles |
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Dendrites |
-structure of neutron -extensions leading towards cell body -receive signals from other neurons and send them to cell body |
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Axon |
-structure of neuron -conduct impulses away from body cell -sends impulses towards other neurons and effectors |
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Myelin Sheath |
- lipid substance of neuron that acts as an electrical insulator - covers some of the axons giving a whitish appearance |
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Nodes of Ranvier |
-gaps between the myelin sheath cells |
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Gray Matter |
- neurons in CNS with short axons -nonmyelinated |
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White Matter |
-neurons in CNS with long axons -myelinated |
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Synapse |
-structure that allows the transmission of information from one neutron to another neuron -region of proximity, axon terminals of one neutron lie close to the dendrite or cell body of another neuron |
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Neurotransmitters |
- chemical stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neuron, allowing communication between presynaptic and post synaptic neurons |
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Spinal Cord |
-extends from base of brain into vertebral canal - protected by vertebrae -communicates between brain and body, centre for many reflex arcs |
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Cerebrum |
-1/4 regions of brain - connected by corpus callosum -higher thought process, learning, language, speech - divided into 2 hemispheres, each hemisphere has 4 lobes |
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Cerebellum |
- portion of bran which receives both sensory and motor input - function to assure smooth, coordinated motor movements |
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Brain Stem |
-contains midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata |
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Pons |
-bridge in latin - bundles of axons connecting the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS |
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Midbrain |
-relay center for tracts passing between cerebrum and cerebellum - in charge of breathing and reflex movements of brain |
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Medulla Oblongata |
- automatic control centre; heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing, vomiting |
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Frontal Lobe |
-most ventral love -complex thought processes - primary motor area |
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Parietal Lobe |
-dorsal to frontal lobe -primary somatosensory area : touch, temperature, taste, pressure, localization of pain |
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Occipital Lobe |
-most dorsal lobe - primary visual area |
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Temporal Lobe |
- inferior to frontal and pariental lobes -primary auditory and olfactory areas |
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Diencephalon |
-holds the hypothalamus and thalamus |
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Hypothalamus |
-homeostatic control center; thermoregulation, water balance, hunger and satiety, sleep |
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Thalamus |
-sensory relay center : memory, emotional responses -receives info and sends it to appropriate areas |
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Premotor Area |
- gather signals to organize motor function such as walking, talking, chewing gum |
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Lymbic System |
-involved in our emotions an higher mental functions |
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Somatosensory Area |
-collects from skin and muscles |
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Visual and Auditory Associated Area |
- sorts visual and auditory stimulus into "new" or "seen that" |
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Broca's Area |
-left frontal lobe -directs motor actions for speech -grammatical refinements |
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Wenicke's Area |
- dorsal part of left temporal lobe -understanding of written and spoken words |
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Central White Matter |
- beneath cerebral cortex -contains bundle of axons called tracts |
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Basal Nuclei |
- also called Basal ganglia - masses of grey matter deep within white matter -integrate motor commands |
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Somatic Nervous System |
-serves the skin, muscles and tendon - nerves that deliver messages from receptors to the CNS and motor response back to periphery - many actions are reflex activities |
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Reflex Arc |
-sensory receptors, a tip of dendrites of a sensory neuron, responds to specific stimulus and carries the stimulus to the spinal cord -interneuron integrates signal and transmits to motor neuron -motor neuron leads to effector organ and defector organ carries out a response |
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Sympathetic Division |
- a division of the autonomic nervous system which mediates the fight or flight response -increases heart rate, inhibits digestive system |
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Parasympathetic Division |
- division of autonomic nervous system that mediates rest and digest functions -promotes digestion and decreases heart rate |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
- regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands - 2 divisons: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Exteriorreceptors |
-detect stimuli outside the body -ex: light, sound -indirectly involved with homeostasis |
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Interiorreceptors |
-detect stimuli inside the body -ex: blood pressure, body temperature, water balance -directly involved with homeostasis |
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Chemoreceptors |
- respond to chemical substances in the immediate area -taste buds, olfactory, pain, receptors in aortic and carotid bodies monitoring blood pH |
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Photoreceptors |
- respond to light energy - stimulation of rods cells = black and white vision -stimulation of cones cells = color vision |
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Mechanoreceptors |
- stimulated by mechanical forces - auditory, touch, equilibrium, pressoreceptors for blood pressure and stretch of lung tissue |
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Thermoreceptors |
- stimulated by changes in temperature -adjust body temperature |
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Pressure Receptors |
- responsible for sense of touch -located in skin and tough, sensitive to either strong or slight pressures |
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Pain Receptors |
-responds to chemicals released by damaged tissues |
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Cutaneous Receptors |
-receptors for pressure and touch found in the dermis of the skin |
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Proprioreceptors |
-mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone -help maintain posture |
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Tastebud |
-contain the taste cells, which are the receptors responsible for the sense of taste |
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Olfactory Receptors |
-sensory receptor for the sense of smell |
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Sclera |
-outer layer of eye -white and fibrous, except for cornea |
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Choroid |
-middle layer of eye -thin, darkly pigmented, vascular layer -absorbs stray light rays |
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Lens |
-apart of the choroid layer -attached to the ciliary body by suspensory ligaments - divides inner eye into chambers -focuses light rays onto the retina |
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Retina |
-innermost layer of the eye -contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones) -photoreceptors convert light rays into electric signals -photoreceptors synapse with bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells |
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Rods |
-photoreceptors in retina that mediate black and white vision -visual pigment is rhodopsin |
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Cones |
-photoreceptors in the retina that mediate color vision -3 cones with specific pigments: blue, green and red pigments |
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Blind Spot |
- area on retina where optic neurones leave to form the optic nerve -no photoreceptors |
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Uric Acid |
- by product of breakdown of nucleotides -build up causes gout |
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Urea |
- by product of amino acid metabolism -formed when ammonia in liver combines with CO2 |
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Creatinine |
-by product of creatine phosphate breakdown |
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Cellular Respiration |
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