Exam Reviewer ( Science - Q2 )

Front 1

In this model it was discovered by Erwin that Nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Back 1

Electron Cloud Model

Front 2

The visual model of the probable locations of the electrons in an atom. Finding Electrons in the denser regions has a higher probability.

Back 2

Electron Cloud Model

Front 3

atoms are tiny, indestructible particles ; billiard ball model

Back 3

John Dalton

Front 4

It can gain or lose energy by changing its orbit

Back 4

Electron

Front 5

contains protons and neutrons

Back 5

Nucleus

Front 6

Each possible electron orbit in Bohr’s model has a _____

Back 6

fixed energy

Front 7

The fixed energies an electron can have are called ______

Back 7

Energy Levels

Front 8

the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level

Back 8

A Quantum of Energy

Front 9

determines the allowed energy an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus

Back 9

Quantum Mechanical Model

Front 10

-Electrons always fill the lowest energy levels first

-Electrons starts at the bottom and work their way up

-This also implies that electron fills orbital the same way every time

Back 10

Aufbau Principle

Front 11

-No to electrons with the same energy characteristics can occupy an orbital at the same time

-One electron must be spin up and the other electron must be spin down

Back 11

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Front 12

When filling multiple orbitals of the same sublevel (p,d, and f) electrons half-fill the sublevel first before pairing electrons

Back 12

Hund’s Rule

Front 13

The electrons in the outer most electron shell are called _____

Back 13

Valence Electrons

Front 14

a British Scientist discovers the electron. The later leads to his “plum-pudding” model.

Back 14

J.J. Thomson

Front 15

The shell containing electrons that is furthest from the nucleus is called the _____

Back 15

Valence Shell

Front 16

The number of electron shells with electrons is the same as the ______

Back 16

Period (row) number

Front 17

Each ________ can hold a certain number of electrons

Back 17

electron shell

Front 18

have full outer electron shells

Back 18

Noble Gases

Front 19

All other elements have _______ outer electron shells

Back 19

partially filled

Front 20

are used to represent valence electrons in an element

Back 20

Lewis Dot Diagrams

Front 21

Structural formulas show the arrangements of atoms and bonds in a molecule and are represented by _____

Back 21

Lewis Dot Structures

Front 22

use ______ model to draw and name molecular shapes (bent, linear, trigonal, planar, tetrahedral, and trigonal pyramid)

Back 22

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VESPR)

Front 23

from between elements with very different electronegativities

Back 23

Polar Bonds

Front 24

from between elements with similar electronegativities

Back 24

Non-Polar Bonds

Front 25

He pictures electrons embedded in a sphere of positive electrical charge

Back 25

J.J. Thomson

Front 26

result when electrons are distributed unequally

Back 26

Polar molecules

Front 27

Created by Gilbert Lewis in 1916

Back 27

Lewis Dot Structures

Front 28

-Show how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in a molecule

-Reflect the idea that stability of a compound relates to the Octet Rule

-Shared electron pairs are covalent bonds and can be represented by two dots ( : ) or by a single line ( - )

Back 28

Lewis Structures

Front 29

Atoms in the third row and below can disobey the ____ at various times

Back 29

Octet Rule

Front 30

-A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons

-All atoms are trying to achieve Stable Octet

-A lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds

Back 30

Chemical Bonding

Front 31

-Ability of the atom to attract electron

-The protons in the nucleus are attracted to the electrons of another atom

Back 31

Electronegativity

Front 32

Why do atoms bond?

Back 32

to become stable

Front 33

is a group of atom or molecule with positive or negative charge

Back 33

Ion

Front 34

Formed after a metal atom transfer its Valence Electron to nonmetal atom

Back 34

Ion

Front 35

when a metal atom loses electrons (positive charged ion)

Back 35

Cation

Front 36

a Japanese Physicist suggests that an atom has a central nucleus. Electrons move in orbits like the rings around Saturn

Back 36

Hantaro Nagaoka

Front 37

when a nonmetal atom gains electron (negative charged ion)

Back 37

Anion

Front 38

the number of electrons an atom gains or loses

Back 38

Valence

Front 39

is the electron found in the outermost shell of an atom

Back 39

Valence Electron

Front 40

How can you determine the number of valence electron?

Back 40

by looking at its group number in the periodic table

Front 41

have strong energy attractions or high electronegativity compared to metals

Back 41

Non Metals

Front 42

three major types of bonding

Back 42

- Ionic Bonding

- Covalent Bonding

- Metallic Bonding

Front 43

formed through complete transfer and gaining of electron from one atom to another atom

Back 43

Ionic Bonding

Front 44

When a metal element bond with a nonmetal element that is _______ wherein ions are formed

Back 44

Ionic Bonding

Front 45

also called Molecular Bond, it is a chemical bond that involves sharing of electron pairs between atoms

Back 45

Covalent Bonding

Front 46

It commonly occurs when two nonmetals bond together

Back 46

Covalent Bonding

Front 47

New Zealand Physicist finds that an atom has a small, dense, positively charged nucleus. Electrons move around the nucleus

Back 47

Ernest Rutherford

Front 48

_______ of the atoms are combined to show the Covalent Bonds

Back 48

Electron Dot Diagram

Front 49

the electrons moves in a circular orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus

Back 49

Niels Bohr

Front 50

When a metal element bond with a nonmetal element that is _______ wherein ions are formed

Back 50

Ionic Bonding

Front 51

develops mathematical equations to describe te motion of electrons in atom. His works leads to the electron cloud model

Back 51

Erwin Schrödinger

Front 52

an English Physicist confirms the existence of neutrons

Back 52

James Chadwick

Front 53

a brilliant German Physicist, modified Niels Bohr’s atomic theory to include elliptical orbits

Back 53

Arnold Sommerfeld

Front 54

Electron Dot Diagram of the atoms are combined to show the _____

Back 54

Covalent Bonds

Front 55

How will you compute Mass to Mole?

Back 55

you need to find the atomic mass of the element first and then divide

Front 56

It is the number of particles found in one mole of a substance. It is the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of Carbon - 12

Back 56

Avogadro’s Number

Front 57

6.022 x 10 raised to the 23rd power atoms of an element

Back 57

Avogadro’s Number

Front 58

A mole of a covalent compound has ____

Back 58

Avogadro’s Number of molecules

Front 59

A mole of an ionic compound contains ____

Back 59

Avogadro’s Number of formula units

Front 60

Avogadro's number is used to?

Back 60

convert the number of particles of a substance to moles

Front 61

3

Back 61

tri

Front 62

4

Back 62

tetra

Front 63

5

Back 63

penta

Front 64

6

Back 64

hexa

Front 65

7

Back 65

hepta

Front 66

8

Back 66

octa

Front 67

9

Back 67

nona

Front 68

10

Back 68

deca

Front 69

forms many organic compounds with many atoms

Back 69

Carbon

Front 70

Carbon forms many organic compounds with many atoms such as ______

Back 70

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Halogens

Front 71

Covalently bonded atoms form _____

Back 71

Molecules

Front 72

it is so important because its atomic structure give its bonding properties that are unique among elements

Back 72

Carbon

Front 73

Each _______ has four unpaired electrons in its outer energy shell.

Back 73

carbon molecule

Front 74

Carbon based molecules have three fundamental structures

Back 74

- Straight

- Rings

- Branched

Front 75

are extremely strong, this allows carbon to make up the basic building of life such as fats and sugar

Back 75

Carbon-Carbon Bond

Front 76

Because carbon makes 4 bonds, it is able to exist in many different forms called _____

Back 76

Isomers

Front 77

different allotropes

Back 77

Diamond, Graphite, Ionsdaleite, Buckballs C60, Buckballs C540, Buckballs C70, Amorphous Carbon, Carbon Nanotube

Front 78

is a behavior exhibited by certain chemical elements

Back 78

Allotrophy

Front 79

This element can exist to two or more different forms known as ______

Back 79

Allotropes

Front 80

when an element exist on more than one crystalin form

Back 80

Allotropes

Front 81

are different structural modifications of an element

Back 81

Allotropes

Front 82

atoms that share two e pairs ( 4e )

Back 82

Double Bond

Front 83

is an element exhibits allotrophy

Back 83

Carbon

Front 84

- always formed between 2 metals (pure metals)

- solid gold, silver, lead, etc…

Back 84

Metallic Bonding

Front 85

What are the two major allotropes?

Back 85

Diamond and Graphite

Front 86

transparent and has no color

Back 86

Diamond

Front 87

- hard

- cannot conduct electricity

Back 87

Diamond

Front 88

opaque and black

Back 88

Graphite

Front 89

- soft and spongy

- good conductor of electricity

Back 89

Graphite

Front 90

- solid

- non-gaseous

- insoluble in water

Back 90

Diamond and Graphite

Front 91

Carbon bonds with other atoms by _____

Back 91

sharing its electrons

Front 92

According to the _____ atoms need to have 8 valence electron to become stable

Back 92

Octet Rule

Front 93

atoms that share three e pairs ( 6e )

Back 93

Triple Bond

Front 94

organic compounds which contains carbon and hydrogen only

Back 94

Hydrocarbon

Front 95

they are the main source of fuel for our industry

Back 95

Hydrocarbon

Front 96

single bond

Back 96

Alkane (saturated)

Front 97

double bond

Back 97

Alkene (unsaturated)

Front 98

triple bond

Back 98

Alkyne (unsaturated)

Front 99

1 carbon atoms

Back 99

meth-

Front 100

2 carbon atoms

Back 100

eth

Front 101

3 carbon atoms

Back 101

prop-

Front 102

4 carbon atoms

Back 102

but-

Front 103

5 carbon atoms

Back 103

pent-

Front 104

unequal sharing of electrons

Back 104

Polar Covalent Bond

Front 105

6 carbon atoms

Back 105

hex-

Front 106

7 carbon atoms

Back 106

hept-

Front 107

8 carbon atoms

Back 107

oct-

Front 108

9 carbon atoms

Back 108

non-

Front 109

10 carbon atoms

Back 109

dec-

Front 110

In Chemistry, the term______ describes chemical compounds that contain Carbon and other elements such as Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur or Phosporus

Back 110

Organic

Front 111

when two or more elements are combined together

Back 111

Compound

Front 112

Compound can be classified to two main groups ____

Back 112

- Organic Compound

- Inorganic Compound

Front 113

contain carbon and usually bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

Back 113

Organic

Front 114

-they’re associated with living organisms

Example: Sugar (glucose), Soap, Alcohol (sanitizer)

Back 114

Organic

Front 115

equal sharing of electrons

Back 115

Non Polar Covalent Bond

Front 116

-most of it do not contain Carbon in them

Example: Water (H2O), Salt (Sodium Chloride), Carbon Dioxide

Back 116

Inorganic

Front 117

the term Organic Compound came from ___

Back 117

Jons Jakob Berzelius (1807)

Front 118

four types of Organic Compound

Back 118

- Carbohydrates

- Lipids

- Proteins

- Nucleic Acids

Front 119

elements of Carbohydrates

Back 119

C, H, O

Front 120

Uses: energy source, cell structure, stored energy in plants

Back 120

Carbohydrates

Front 121

Sugar made of one unit is called _____

Back 121

Monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)

Front 122

Double the Monosaccharide, we have _____ or two units joined together (maltose, sucrose)

Back 122

Disacchride

Front 123

Lastly, we have_____ means two or more (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Back 123

Polysaccharide

Front 124

Example: Glucose (Blood Sugar) C6H12O6

Back 124

Carbohydrates

Front 125

elements of Lipids

Back 125

C, H, O

Front 126

______ is named by taking the root name of the atom and changing the ending

Back 126

Anion

Front 127

Hydrogen to Oxygen is greater than 2 is to 1

Back 127

Lipids

Front 128

Uses: include storing energy, components of cell membranes, signaling, waterproof covering (cuticle)

Back 128

Lipids

Front 129

Classifications: Triglycerides (fats, oils, waxes) , Steroids, Phospholipids

Back 129

Lipids

Front 130

can be either saturated or unsaturated fats

Back 130

Fatty Acids

Front 131

Proteins consist of chains of amino acids called _____

Back 131

peptide

Front 132

maybe made up from Polypeptide (single) chain or may have a complex structure where polypeptides have units pact together to form a unit

Back 132

Protein

Front 133

Some _____ contains other atom (sulfur, phosphorus, iron, copper, and magnesium)

Back 133

Proteins

Front 134

help make up proteins by bonding numerous amino acids together

Back 134

Polypeptides

Front 135

elements of Protein

Back 135

C, H, O, N

Front 136

The Phosphorus comes in because the building blocks of Nucleic Acids is called ____

Back 136

Nucleotides

Front 137

Whenever a compound forms between a metal and a nonmetal it can be expected to contains ion

Back 137

Ionic Compounds

Front 138

are the molecules in our cells that direct and store information for reproduction and cellular growth

Back 138

Nucleic Acids

Front 139

Uses: it serves many function in cells, cellular structures, controls substances in and out of cell, fight diseases

Back 139

Protein

Front 140

Examples: Hemoglobin in blood, Collagen and Insulin, Keratin, Myoglobin, and Fibrin

Back 140

Protein

Front 141

elements of Nucleic Acids

Back 141

C, H, O, N, P

Front 142

two types of Nucleic Acids

Back 142

- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

- DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Front 143

It has a single strand

Back 143

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Front 144

stands for the type of sugar that is use

Back 144

Ribo

Front 145

Ribo stands for the type of sugar that is use which in this case called ____

Back 145

Ribose

Front 146

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is for the sugar that is used and in this case it’s the ____

Back 146

Deoxyribose

Front 147

Mirror image almost of the opposite side (double stranded helix)

Back 147

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Front 148

1

Back 148

mono

Front 149

carries the genetic information for the cells

Back 149

DNA

Front 150

Sections of a DNA molecule called _____ contain the information to make a protein

Back 150

Genes

Front 151

It can produce of other DNA molecules and RNA molecules

Back 151

Molecules of DNA

Front 152

are responsible for symphysis of proteins

Back 152

RNA Molecules

Front 153

It is a fundamental (SI) unit to measure the amount of substance

Back 153

Mole

Front 154

In latin, mole means a _____ of material

Back 154

“massive heap”

Front 155

is a collection that contains the same number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12.01 g of carbon

Back 155

Mole

Front 156

The atomic or formula mass of a substance expressed in ____

Back 156

grams

Front 157

1 mole of any substance is equal to?

Back 157

6.02 x 10 raised to the 23rd power

Front 158

How will you compute mole to mass?

Back 158

you need to find the atomic mass of the element first and then multiply

Front 159

2

Back 159

di