Exam One

Front 1

Photosynthesis

Back 1

Plants and other organisms convert light energy to chemical energy

Front 2

cellular respiration

Back 2

Stored chemical energy is accessed and chemical reactions release the energy for cell function

Front 3

Metabolism (products)

Back 3

Biological molecules are converted in to ATP, which is the “universal currency” of the cell

Hint 3

Heat is a byproduct

Front 4

Metabolism

Back 4

a series of chemical transformations that allow organisms to live, grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment

Hint 4

Use energy and materials from the environment to sustain cellular function

Front 5

Homeostasis

Back 5

Ability to maintain a constant internal environment

Front 6

Reproduction

Back 6

the process by which organisms produce similar offspring

Front 7

Heredity

Back 7

the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

Front 8

Evolution

Back 8

the gradual change in heritable traits in a population over time

Hint 8

Unifies all scales of biology

Front 9

Natural Selection

Back 9

Individuals most adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and produce offspring

Hint 9

Primary driving force behind evolution

Front 10

Artificial Selection

Back 10

When humans select for favorable traits

Front 11

Biological Species Concept

Back 11

Groups of organisms that are reproductively isolated

Hint 11

Important biological unit

Front 12

Binomial nomenclature

Back 12

Inadvertently revolutionized species naming system

Hint 12

Carl Linnaeus (1750s); two part name-Genus and species

Front 13

Taxonomy

Back 13

branch of biology that deals with classification of organisms

Front 14

Domains

Back 14

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukaryota

Front 15

Hydrophilic

Back 15

polar molecules dissolve in water

Front 16

Isotonic solution

Back 16

Concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside of the cell

Front 17

Hypotonic

Back 17

Concentration of solutes greater inside the cell than outside

Front 18

Hypertonic

Back 18

Concentration of solutes greater outside the cell than inside

Front 19

Osmosis

Back 19

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 20

Ions

Back 20

Molecules break down in to other molecules called ions

Front 21

Energy

Back 21

The ability to do work

Front 22

Chemical reactions

Back 22

Many transfers of energy involve chemical reactions

Hint 22

Exergonic

Endergonic

Front 23

ATP

Back 23

Adenosine Triphosphate

Used for cellular work

–Mechanical (muscle movement)

–Transport (moving blood)

–Chemical work (building polymers)

Front 24

Activation energy

Back 24

The energy needed for a reaction to occur

Front 25

Chemiosmosis

Back 25

movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient

Front 26

Enzymes

Back 26

lower the energy needed for a reaction to occur

Front 27

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 27

occurs when no oxygen is present

•Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration

•Occurs in plants and animals when oxygen levels are insufficient for aerobic respiration

•Includes glycolysis and a step after pyruvate that forms either lactate or ethanol (alcohol)

•Produces small amounts of ATP

Front 28

Genes

Back 28

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein via RNA

Front 29

DNA

Back 29

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 30

Introns

Back 30

Strands of DNA are made of coding and non-coding regions

Front 31

Translation

Back 31

RNA -> proteins

•Translation links amino acids into proteins

•The protein that is eventually formed is ultimately controlled by the DNA of the gene

•Translation occurs in three continuous phases

•Initiation

•Elongation

•Termination

Front 32

Mutations

Back 32

An alteration of a base sequence in DNA

•Causes a genetic change which can impact the following sequence:

•DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Front 33

mitosis

Back 33

Cell replacement and growth

Front 34

Cell cycle

Back 34

Cell cycle is the process of producing two daughter cells

–Includes cell growth, duplication of organelles, chemical changes, duplication of DNA

•Not all cells go through the cell cycle

Front 35

Gametogenesis

Back 35

The process by which diploid cells produce haploid cells (gametes [sperm & egg])

Front 36

Meiosis

Back 36

A type of cellular division that produces offspring cells with half of the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

•Process by which haploid gametes are produced from diploid cells in plants and animals

Front 37

Genetics

Back 37

A branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organisms

Front 38

Chromosomes

Back 38

Highly compacted threadlike linear strands of DNA that contain genes

Front 39

Dominant allele

Back 39

An allele that masks an alternative (recessive) allele when the gene for these traits is heterozygous

Front 40

Recessive allele

Back 40

An allele that is masked by an alternative (dominant) allele whe

Front 41

Homozygous

Back 41

An organism that has the same alleles for a gene

Front 42

Genotype

Back 42

The actual alleles that an organism has

Front 43

Phenotype

Back 43

The alleles that are expressed in an organism

Front 44

Punnett square

Back 44

Shows expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios from hybridization experiments

Front 45

Monohybrid cross

Back 45

A hybridization experiment that follows the inheritance of phenotypes that are controlled by one gene

Front 46

Genetic Linkage

Back 46

The simultaneous inheritance of genes on the same chromosome

Front 47

Genome Sequencing

Back 47

Sorting out evolutionary relationships