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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an inadequate amount of oxygen? |
Hypoxia |
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Where is the Isle of Langerhans located? |
Pancreas |
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Describe the four common lung sounds |
1. Wheezing: High-pitched, almost musical in nature, created by air moving through narrowed air passages. Commonly heard on expiration 2. Stridor: high-pitched, upper airway sounds indicating partial obstruction of trachea or larynx 3. Crackles: aka 'rales', fine crackling or bubbling sound heard on inspiration. Caused by fluid in alveoli or by the opening of closed alveoli Rhonchi: lower pitched sounds resembling snoring or rattling, caused by secretions in larger airways |
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Why do EMS use mechanical CPR devices? |
To produce high-quality compressions |
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Describe the process of inhalation |
aka 'inspiration'. An active process that uses the contraction of several muscles to expand/increase the size of the chest cavity. Air is pulled into the lungs because of the negative pressure created |
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Describe the process of exhalation |
aka 'expiration'. A passive process that involves the relaxation of the rib muscles and diaphragm |
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Where does oxygen and CO2 exchange take place? |
capillaries and alveoli |
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What to do if someone has shallow respirations? |
Assist ventillation |
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What is another term for sporadic, irregular breathing? |
Agonal breathing |
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Describe respiratory distress signs in children |
nasal flaring, retractions below/between ribs and above clavicles, seesaw breathing |
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Describe respiratory distress signs in adults |
unusual sounds, elevated rate of breathing, pale skin, agitated/anxious, etc. |
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Describe a CHF [congestive heart failure] patient |
tachycardia, dyspnea, normal/elevated blood pressure, cayanosis, diaphoresis, may have crackles when auscultating lungs, pulmonary edema, sometimes coughing up frothy white/pink sputum, anxiety or confusion due to hypoxia, pedal edema, engorged pulsating neck veins [late sign], enlarged liver and spleen with abdominal distention [late sign] |
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Describe a COPD patient |
many patients exhibit characteristics of both emphysema and bronchitis, fever, coughing up green/dark sputum. Bronchiole lining is inflamed and excess mucus is formed in bronchitis. In emphysema, the walls of the alveoli break down, reducing surface area for respiratory exchange. Usually call for an ambulance because a recent upper respiratory infection has caused an acute worsening of their chronic disease |
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Lack of oxygen to heart causes what? |
Acute coronary syndrome |
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Bradycardia |
slow pulse, usually classified as being under 60 BPM |
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Tachycardia |
rapid pulse, usually classified as being above 100 BPM |
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Signs/Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema |
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in lungs, normally have CHF. May have noticed weight gain of several pounds in a few days. Anxiety, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, respirations that are rapid and labored, and low oxygen saturation. |
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Thrombus |
a clot formed of blood and plaque attached to the inner wall of an artery or vein |
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Embolism |
a blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to the site by the blood current |
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Occlusion |
actual blockage of an artery/vein |
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Aneurysm |
dilation or ballooning of a weakened section of the wall of an artery. When a section of an artery bursts, there can be rapid life-threatening internal bleeding. Tissues beyond the rupture can be damaged because oxygenated blood is not reaching them. Two most common sites of aneurysms are the aorta and the brain |
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Electrical Malfunctions of the Heart |
A malfunction of the heart’s electrical system will generally result in a dysrhythmia, an irregular, or absent heart rhythm.
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Mechanical Malfunctions of the Heart |
lack of oxygen causes the death of a portion ofthe myocardium. The dead area can no longer contract and pump. Deterioration ormalfunction of heart valves is also a common component of cardiovasculardisorders such as CHF
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Coronary Artery Disease |
diseases that affect the arteries of the heart. Conditions that narrow or block the arteries. Thrombus/Embolism |
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Angina Pectoris |
pain in the chest occurring when the blood supply to the heart is reduced and a portion of the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen. Pain often comes on after stress or exertion. Usually chronic sufferers take nitroglycerin, which dilates the blood vessels. More blood stays in the veins so less is coming back to the heart meaning it doesn’t have to work as hard.
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Acute Myocardial Infarction |
when a portion of the myocardium dies as a result of oxygen starvation. AMI is brought on by the narrowing or occlusion of the coronary arteries. Coronary artery disease usually the underlying reason but not always. Sudden death is a cardiac arrest that occurs within two hours of the onset of symptoms, nearly 25% of individuals have no previous history of cardiac problems.
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Congestive Heart Failure |
the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, body, or both. CHF is often a complication of AMI.
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Dysrhythmia |
an irregular heartbeat |
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OPQRST |
Onset, provocation, quality, radiation, severity, time |
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SAMPLE |
signs/symptoms, allergies, medication, pertinent past history, last oral intake, events leading to illness/injury |
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AVPU |
Alert, verbal, painful, unresponsive |
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Side effects of Nitroglycerin |
hypotension, headache, pulse rate change
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Side effects of aspirin |
nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bleeding, if patient is allergic bronchospasm and wheezing
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Side effects of oral glucose |
none if given properly, may be aspirated if patient without gag reflex |
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How many doses of Nitro |
One dose, repeat in five minutes if less than complete relief, if systolic blood pressure remains above 90, and if authorized by medical direction, up to a maximum of three doses.
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How many doses of aspirin |
162 to 324 mg. Two to four 81 mg tablets of chewable baby aspirin. Not usually administered more than once in early treatment of cardiac problems.
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Contraindications of Nitro |
Patient has hypotension or systolic blood pressure below 90, head injury, is an infant or child, already taken maximum prescribed dose, patient has recently taken Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, or another drug for erectile dysfunction
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Contraindications of aspirin |
patient is unable to swallow without endangering airway, allergic or sensitive to aspirin, history of asthma, GI ulcer or recent bleeding, has a known bleeding disorder, medical direction may decide if the benefit of giving aspirin to a patient outweighs the risk if they: are already taking medication to prevent clotting, pregnant, or had surgery recently
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Define heart failure |
heart can't pump enough blood to meet body's needs |
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Chain of Survival |
1. Immediate recognition and activation 2. Early CPR 3. Rapid Defibrillation 4. Effective ALS 5. Integrated post-cardiac arrest care |
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Most common cause of cardiac arrest in pediatric patients |
Respiratory problems |
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Shockable rhythms |
Ventricular tachycardia and Ventricular fibrillation |
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Rhythms that CANNOT be shocked |
Asystole and pulseless electrical activity |
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What is an AED/How do you operate one |
An AED analyzes cardiac rhythm and determines whether or not it is shockable to return the function to normal. |
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What is a TIA? |
A transient ischemic attack. Small clots may be temporarily blocking circulation to part of the brain, when the clot breaks up the patient’s symptoms resolve because the brain wasn’t hypoxic for a long period of time and didn’t sustain permanent damage. Often a warning or a precursor to a major stroke. |
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What are the two types of strokes? |
A hemorrhagic [blood vessel ruptures] and an ischemic [an occluded blood vessel]
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What is a stroke |
A condition or altered function caused when an artery in the brain is blocked or ruptured, disrupting the supply of oxygenated blood or causing bleeding into the brain. Formerly called a cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
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Syncope |
There are many causes that can be placed in four categories: cardiovascular, hypovolemic, metabolic, and environmental/toxicological.
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Status Epilepticus |
When a patient has a seizure that lasts too long (more than ten minutes) or has two or more convulsive seizures in a row without regaining full consciousness between them.
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Where is insulin produced? |
Pancreas, Isles of Langerhans |
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What is hypoglycemia and why does it occur? |
Low blood sugar. Rapid onset. Took too much insulin, doesn’t eat, overexerts themselves, vomits a meal, increases metabolic rate in conditions such as fever or shivering.
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What is hyperglycemia and why does it occur? |
High blood sugar. Usually a longer onset. Caused by decrease in insulin which leaves sugar in the bloodstream rather than helping it to enter the cells. Patient may complain of chronic thirst and hunger and increased urination.
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What is diabetic ketoacidosis? |
The lack of insulin in the body makes glucose levels creep upwards while the cells of the body starve for sugar. Extremely high levels of sugar begin to draw water away from the body’s cells, resulting in profound dehydration. Starving cells begin to burn fats and proteins in a manner that results in excessive waste products being released into system. Characterized by dehydration, increased urination, profoundly altered mental status and shock
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What causes fruity breath in diabetic ketoacidosis? |
Ketones, a waste product the body tries to rid itself of by breathing rapidly |
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What is the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale |
Assess for facial drift/drooping, assess for speech, assess for arm drift. Patient who demonstrates any one of the three findings has a 70 percent chance of having an acute stroke |
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Most common cause of seizures in pediatric patients |
Fever (a rapid onset or a rapid decrease of one) |
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Tonic Phase of Seizure |
body becomes rigid, stiffening for no more than 30 seconds. Breathing may stop, patient may bite his tongue, and bowel and bladder control could be lost.
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Clonic Phase of Seizure |
body jerks about violently, usually for no more than 1 or 2 minutes. Patient may foam at mouth and drool, face and lips often become cyanotic
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Postictal Phase of Seizure |
begins when convulsions stop. May regain consciousness immediately and enter a state of drowsiness and confusion or he may remain unconscious for several hours. Headache is common
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What is an aura? |
A sensation experienced by the seizure patient right before the seizure, which might be a smell, sound, or general feeling.
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Common cause of seizures in pregnant women |
Eclampsia |
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Common causes of seizures |
Hypoxia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, toxins, hypoglycemia, brain tumor, congenital brain defects, infection, metabolic, and idiopathic.
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What are the coronary arteries? |
Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium) |
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Five rights of pharmacology |
Patient, Medication, Dosage, Route of Administration, Time to Administer |
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Most common type of stroke? |
Ischemic |
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Severe headache associated with what kind of stroke? |
Hemorrhagic |
