Exam Iii Bones Stones Evolution Study Guide

Front 1

Tephra

Back 1

Volicanic Ejecta

Front 2

Tephrastratigraphy

Back 2

Based on properties of tephra

Front 3

Lithostratigraphy

Back 3

Based on properties of rock

Front 4

Biostratigraphy

Back 4

Based on Fossils

Front 5

Stratigraphic Correlation

Back 5

Matching Stratigraphic sequences between different localities

Front 6

Absolute Dating Methods

Back 6

Most are Radiometric Dating Methods based on the decay of naturally occuring isotopes

Front 7

Radiocarbon Dating

Back 7

Measure of Carbon Decay

Front 8

Carbon12

Back 8

Stable
6 protons
6 Neutrons

Front 9

Carbon14

Back 9

Unstable
6 protons
8 Neutrons

Front 10

Decay

Back 10

When an unstable Isotope Changes

Front 11

what happens at death for carbon14?

Back 11

Carbon14 becomes fixed and then decays.

Front 12

Half LIfe of Carbon 14

Back 12

5730 years

Front 13

Potassium Argon Dating

Back 13

Istope of Potassium(40K) that occurs naturally in rocks and decays into Argon(40Ar)

Front 14

Potassium Argon Process

Back 14

When rock is heated the argon is released then builds up slowiy within the rock. we can estimate the time since the rock was last heated based on the half life of 40K

Front 15

Argon Argon Dating

Back 15

Today It Mostly Replaces Potassium Argon Dating

Front 16

Radiocarbon Dating's Effective Range?

Back 16

50,000 years

Front 17

Potassium Argon Dating's Effective range?

Back 17

Effective Range 100,000+ years

Front 18

Calibrated Relative Dating Method (Paleomagnetism)

Back 18

Dating Using Changes in Geomagnetic Polarity

Front 19

Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale

Back 19

Brunches Normal Chron Present
Matuyama Reversed Chron 1-2 MYA
Gauss Normal Chron 2-3 MYA
Gilbert Reversed Chron 3-4 MYA

Front 20

Australopithecus
Date Ranges

Back 20

4-2 MYA

Front 21

Paranthropines
Date Ranges

Back 21

2.5-1 MYA

Front 22

Homo
Date Ranges

Back 22

2-Present

Front 23

(False) Common Portrayal of Human Evolution in The Past

Back 23

In the past, it was common to portray human evolution as a ladder of progress with some particular trends leading to modern humans.

Front 24

Popular Trends in Human Evolution

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Bipedalism
Bigger Brain
Smaller Jaws
Tools
Language

Front 25

What influenced the Origins and Evolution of Hominids?

Back 25

GLobal CLimate Change
Changes due to Plate Tectonics

Front 26

Changes Due to Plate Tectonics

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Large scale moveents within the earths crust, leading to changes in the location of land masses, changes in ocean currents, global and local climate changes, ect.

Front 27

Main source of Hominid Fossils

Back 27

East Africa (Great Rift Valley)

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Where did Hominid Evolution Probably Begin?

Back 28

Africa

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Central Africa (Chad)

Back 29

Oldest Known Hominids were discovered here.

Front 30

Australopithecines afarensis Discovery

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Lucy was discovered By Johanson in the Afar triangle Ethiopia (Hadar) in the 1970's.

Front 31

Valgus Knee

Back 31

Angled (bipedal)
Straight (Quad)

Front 32

Laetoli Footprints

Back 32

Australopithecines afarensis foot prints perserved in Ash

Front 33

Australopithecines afarensis Location summary

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Geographic Distribution East Africa. important localities afar triangle ethiopia laetoli tanzania
3.8-2.9 mya

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Australopithecines afarensis Body Size

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3.5 - 5 feet tall
55 - 120 Pounds
Very High Sexual Dimorphism

Front 35

Cranial Capacity

Back 35

The Measure of the Brain Size

Front 36

Australopithecines afarensis Differences

Back 36

The skull is quite primitive compared to modern human

Front 37

Curved Spine

Back 37

The curve in the lumbar region balances the front and back Region

Front 38

Pelvis Shapes

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Wide and Short (BiPed)
Narrow and Tall (Quad)

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Foot Shape

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Non Divergent Hallux (BiPed)
Divergent Hallux (Quad)

Front 40

Hand Shape

Back 40

Straight Phalanges Non Climbing
Curved Phalangese Climbing

Front 41

Illiac Blade

Back 41

Dorsal Facing (non Climbing)
Lateral Facing (Climbing)

Front 42

Australopithecus anamensis

Back 42

discovered by meave leakey in 1994 in eat africa by lake turkana.

Front 43

A anamensis dental structure

Back 43

similar to a afarensis parallel toothrows thick enamel
disimilar canines are large
some c/p3 honing

Front 44

A anamensis locomotion

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similar to afarensis biped that climbed

Front 45

Orrorin tugensis

Back 45

"millennium man" was discoverd by Brigitte senut martin pickford in 2000 in east africa tugen hills kenya lived 6.0 mya

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Sahelanthoropus tchadensis

Back 46

"Tumai" was found by Brunet near Chad in 2001 and believed to live 7.0 - 6.0 mya
Oldest!

Front 47

S tchadensis Bone structure

Back 47

Similar to modern apes
No megadontia
cranial Capacity 360
similar to later hominids
orthognathic (flat face)
Bipedal Evidence (Forward placed foramen magnum)

Front 48

Ardipthecus ramidus
Ardipithecus kadabba

Back 48

Found in afar triangle in ethiopia by tim white in 1994 and is believed to have lived 4.4 mya

Front 49

Ardipithecus ramidus body

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bod syze 55kg or 120 pounds
120 cm less than four feet tall
very little sexual dimorphism
limb proportions not ape like
grapsing hands and feet
ape size brain
small face

Front 50

A Ramidus cranial structure

Back 50

cranial capacity 300 - 500
small face that is less prognathic than afarensis
small canines with no honing
intermediate thickness enamel

Front 51

A Ramidus Hands

Back 51

powerful grapsing hands with long curved phalanges. no knuckle walking

Front 52

A Ramidus Feet

Back 52

Graping feet
Divergent hallux!!

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A Ramidus Pelvis

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badly damaged reconstructed to suggest short and wife shape and therefore bipedalism but this is highly debated.

Front 54

the first australopithecine was found where and when?

Back 54

South Africa in 1924

Front 55

Raymond Dart's Killer Ape Hypothesis

Back 55

Proposed that hunting was what drove human evolution

Front 56

Australopithecus (southern ape) Africanus (africa)

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discoverd by raymond dart in 1924 within south africa. mostly cound in taung sterkontein.
LIved in 3.2 - 2.2 mya

Front 57

Australopithecus (southern ape) Africanus (africa)
Anatomy

Back 57

cranial capacity 450 to 550cc
no sagital crest
less prognathic than a afarensis
more more megadont than afarensis
canines and incisors smaller with thicker enamel
More adapted for eating tougher diets.
Anterior Pillars adaptation that may have strengthen the face.
Body size 65-90 lbs

Front 58

A Garhi (surprise)

Back 58

found in Middle Awash Ethiopia by Tim White in 1996 and lived 2.5 mya

Front 59

A. Garhi (surprise)
Anatomy

Back 59

Cranial Capacity 450cc
Prognathic
Sagital Crest
Moderate Canine Size
larger molards than Afaranisis
More homo like limb proportions

Front 60

What surprising discovery was found on A Garhi fossils?

Back 60

Cutmarks that suggest stone tools

Front 61

oldest known stone tools

Back 61

were originally thought to occure 2.5 MYA (Garhi)
Gona, Ehtiopia
However, bones from 3.5 MYA show cut marks which indicate Afarensis may have been tool makers.

Front 62

A. Sediba

Back 62

Found in Malapa South Africa and lived 1.9 MYA

Front 63

A Sediba
Anatomy

Back 63

Cranial capacity 420cc for a juvenile
Less prognathic face
Teeth and Mandible small and gravile - Homo like

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Hunting Hypothesis

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evolution and human origins was because hominds became hunters

Front 65

Hunting Origins

Back 65

It may have been around since the last common ancestor of Homo and Pan.

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Hunters and Tool users?

Back 66

Homo and Pans

Front 67

Tool Makers (Not Stone)

Back 67

Pongo Gorilla Pan and Homo

Front 68

Kanzi

Back 68

was taught to be able to use sign language and create very primitive stone tools.

Front 69

Humans Hand Morphology

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Allows Humans the better ability to create stone tools. The thumb is much larger than gorillas and Chimps and allows for a better vice grip.

Front 70

Oldest found stone tools

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Gona Hadar
2.5 mya

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Cut Marked Bones

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found 3.5 mya in Eithiopia

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Paleolithic (old) stone

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First stone tools 2.5mya to 10kya.

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Mesolithic (Middle) stone

Back 73

settlements
10kya - 8kya

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Neolithic (new) stone

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Agriculture
8kya- 4kya

Front 75

Lithic

Back 75

Means stone age

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Lower paleolithic

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2.5mya - 250kya

Front 77

middle paleolithic

Back 77

250kya - 40kya

Front 78

upper paleolithic

Back 78

40kya 10kya

Front 79

Oldowan Industry

Back 79

2.5 to 1.5 mya
Hammerstones
Manuports
Flakes
Cores

Front 80

Flakes

Back 80

Cutting Tool

Front 81

Ernst Haeckel

Back 81

German Naturlist (Darwinian)
Eugenics Foundation
Earliest Homonids would most likely be found in Asia (Gibbons?)

Front 82

Eugene Dubois

Back 82

Wanted to find the missing link between humans and primates
Found Homo Erectus trinil in Java (jave man = homoerectus)

Front 83

Early Homoerectus discovered in...

Back 83

China and Java

Front 84

Geographic Distribution of Homo Erectus

Back 84

Asia (china, java, india)
Europe

Front 85

Homo erectus summary

Back 85

(erectus means upright)
discovered by eugene dubois in 1891 in asia, java. they lived 1.8mya to 250kya

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Homo Erectus Anatomy

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Cranial capacity 800 to 1000cc
Long low Skull
Prominent suprobital torus and occipital torus
Small teeth
Sagittal Keel
Thick Skull bones

Front 87

Homo Ergaster Geographic Distribution

Back 87

Africa and Eastern europe

Front 88

Homo Ergaster Anatomy

Back 88

Cranial Capacity 800cc
more rounded skull
thinner cranial bones
Porportions are more human like
Large body size
narrow modern like pelvis
very robust bones (active lifestyle)

Front 89

when did Hominids first migrated out of africa

Back 89

1.7 - 1.8 mya

Front 90

Homo Ergaster summary

Back 90

Ergaster means workman
discovered by leakeys in 1960 in africa and eastern europe koobi fora dmanisi and lived 1.9 mya to 500 kya.

Front 91

Traits that the Savanah might have favored

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larger body size and obligate bipedalism
exposure to sun created more predators and greater distances to travel for resources.

Front 92

Acheulean Handaxe

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has two distinct sides (bifacial)
Flakes were knocked from the core to create tool

Front 93

Traits that the Savanah might have favored

Back 93

larger body size and obligate bipedalism
exposure to sun created more predators and greater distances to travel for resources.

Front 94

Acheulean Industry Time Frame

Back 94

1.5mya to 250kya during the lower paleolithic age.

Front 95

Location of Acheulean Tools

Back 95

The Movius LIne divides the old world from north west to south east.
achulean tools were found in europe and africa but never east of the movius line

Front 96

Acheulean Handaxe

Back 96

has two distinct sides (bifacial)
Flakes were knocked from the core to create tool

Front 97

Acheulean Industry Time Frame

Back 97

1.5mya to 250kya during the lower paleolithic age.

Front 98

Controlled use of fire?

Back 98

Speculation says that prehaps a million years ago but unlikely.

Front 99

Location of Acheulean Tools

Back 99

The Movius LIne divides the old world from north west to south east.
achulean tools were found in europe and africa but never east of the movius line

Front 100

Homo Erectus and Ergaster diets..

Back 100

Shifted to an increase intake of animal meat. this would Instigate traveling range.

Front 101

Controlled use of fire?

Back 101

Speculation says that prehaps a million years ago but unlikely.

Front 102

Homo Erectus and Ergaster diets..

Back 102

Shifted to an increase intake of animal meat. this would Instigate traveling range.