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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Harriett Bartlett
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Resolving problems from disequilibrium and seek out maximum potential of individuals.
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Eda Goldstein
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Deal with internal, interpersonal, and environmental conditions.
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William E. Gordon
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Match coping and environment to reach potential and relieve environmental problems.
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Gordon Hamilton
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Release resources and individual capacity that allow for a fuller life.
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Helen Perlman
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Coping with social functioning problems.
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Mary Woods & Florence Hollis
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Coping with intrapsychic, interpersonal, and environmental problems causing suffering.
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Psychosocial Approach
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A psychodynamic-based approach. Individuals always seen in context of environment, interacting with others, and influenced by earlier experiences. Corrective emotional experience in relationship with worker. Transference used as potential vehicles for change. Client and client’s needs are central. Unique treatment plan developed, based on client’s situation, and aimed at changing the individual, the enfironment, or their interaction. Used by Mary Richmond, Gordon Hamilton, Florence Hollis, Francis Turner, and Mary Woods.
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Problem-Solving Approach
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A psychodynamic-based approach. Derived form psychosocial and functional approaches. Individuals involved in life-long problem solving to maintain stability. Focus is on the person in relation to a problem. Individuals have a “reachable moment” at a point of disequilibrium . Supportive relationship and positive expectations with worker. Social worker is an expert. Skills in problem resolution are improved and repetition is used.
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Crisis Intervention
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A psychodynamic-based approach. Crisis evokes anxiety which allows for developing new coping mechanisms and growth. Crisis evokes helplessness and develops intense attachment with worker. Worker’s role based on expertise and is authoritative and directive. Present and future oriented. Used by Lydia Rapoport, Howard Parad, and Rosemary Lukton.
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Behavioral Modification
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A behavioral-based approach. There is no need of a theory of the unconscious. Individuals are not ill, but have learned dysfunctional behaviors, which is expressed in symptoms. No symptoms=no problems. Voluntary behaviors=operant. Involuntary behaviors=respondent. Behaviors are observed and imitated, not learned via reward/punishment. Relationship with worker is not part of treatment. Used by Edwin Thomas and Joel Fisher.
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Cognitive Therapy
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A behavioral-based approach. Mental distress is caused by the ways we construe upsetting events. Future events are then filtered through these belief systems and negative automatic thoughts are generated by dysfunctional beliefs and precede symptoms of psychological disorders. Client given homework between sessions to change thinking. Changing the interpretation of events leads to changes in feelings and behavior. Treatment is short-term.
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Task-Centered
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A behavioral-based approach. Client identifies problems and goals and is the primary agent of change. Relationship with worker is collaborative and worker is an authority with expertise. Behaviors/goals expressed in behavioral and measurable terms. Techniques can be taken from any form of treatment. Not appropriate for clients with issues re: life goals, existential issues, or discussion of stressful events.
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Systems Theory
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A meta-theoretical approach. Entropy=disorder/chaos in a system. Systems make changes to maintain homeostasis. All systems are interdependent and impact each other. Worker may intervene on behalf of the client with other systems. Relationship may be supportive or adversarial. Problems are the interaction of behaviors/social conditions that create disequilibrium. Treatment techniques are eclectic. Used by Gordon Hearn, Max Siporin, Carol Meyer, Ann Hartman.
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Ecological/Life Model
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A meta-theoretical approach. Problems occur from life-transitions, enffironmental pressures and lack of fit between the individual and larger environment. Systems are interdependent. Treatment techniques are eclectic. Used by Carol Meyer, Carol Germaine, and Alex Gitterman.
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Family Systems Theory
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A meta-theoretical approach. Family should be hierarchical. Symptoms serve a function in the family. Previous family relations determine current family patterns. Behavioral problems result from communication problems. Changing family interactions are the key to behavioral change. Family viewed as 3 subsystems: marital, parent-child, and sibling. Change/dysfunction in one results in change/dysfunction in the others. Role of SWer changes based on school of thought used. Collaborative therapy=a separate therapist sees each member of the family. Identified patient=the family members is the symptom-bearer.
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Structural Family Therapy (Sal Minuchin)
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Changing boundaries from enmeshed/overly rigid. Family should be hierarchical. Different family members may attend each session.
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Strategic Family Therapy (Jay Haley & Chloe Madanes)
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Focus on the role of symptoms in family organization. Problem-focused behavioral change. Symptoms create power positions. Family is hierarchical. Incongruous hierarchies (Madanes)=child uses symptoms to change parental behavior. Therapy uses behavioral techniques to change interaction patterns. Use of paradoxical interventions, exaggerating symptoms til they no longer serve the family.
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Milan School/Systemic Family Therapy (Palazzoli)
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Symptoms serve a function in which a family member is sacrificed to maintain family structure. Co-therapists meet with the family while an observing team watches behind a mirror. Reframing used to motivate compliance with interventions. Treatment is about 10 sessions, 4-6 weeks apart.
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Psychodynamic (Nathan Ackerman, DonJackson, Olga Silverstein)
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Importance of multi-generational history determining current family patterns. Impact of heredity and environment. Psychopathology results from conflict beneath apparent unity. Double-bind communications. Therapy interprets transference and insight showing connections between current dysfunctions, multi-generational themes and unconscious behavior.
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Bowen Family Systems
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Reactivity=thinking vs. feeling. Emotional triangles=3 personh systems, seen as the smallest stable relationship and form when 2-person system undergoes tension. Family issues reappear over generations as parents transmit emotional problems to child. Undifferentiated ego mass=lack of separateness. Emotional cut-off=managing emotional issues by cutting off emotional contact. Considering individuals as well as the group. Therapy emphasizes insight, not action.
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Experiential Family Therapy (Virginia Satir, Esalen Institute)
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A school of thought in family systems theory. Looks at roles of “rescuer” and “placatory”. Individual growth is validated and communication is changed to raise self-esteem. Techniques include family sculpting, reframing, and family reconstruction.
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Narrative Therapy
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Contemporary practice perspective. Focuses the interpretation through subjective filters people give of their stories. Interventions designed to reveal and reframe client’s perceptions of their experiences. Worker is the co-constructor of new narrative, in a partnership minimizing the worker as an authority. Worker emphasizes client’s strengths. Worker looks for exceptions to the problem to disprove the negative narrative. Externalizing the problem=client experiences the problem as separate from themselves. Inclusion of others in the new story is essential.
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Geriatric Social Work
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Diffficulty dealing with cultural expectations of independence. 80% of elderly own their homes. Depression/suicidal lower for community-living elders.
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Trauma-Related Treatment with Adults
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Trauma experiences result in fear and helplessness. Resiliency is more difficult to achieve when the trauma is extreme, chronic, or perpetrated by a caretaker. Symptoms of dissociation, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem. Worker is a “protective presence”.
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Psychosocial Theoretical Approach
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Focus on intrapsychic and interpersonal change.
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Problem-Solving Theoretical Approach
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To solve discrete problems.
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Behavioral Modification Theoretical Approach
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Reduction of problem behaviors and learning alternate positive behaviors.
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Cognitive Therapy Theoretical Approach
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Reduction of negative thoughts, distorted thinking, and dysfunctional beliefs.
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Crisis Intervention Theoretical Approach
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Brief treatment in crisis situations to re-establish equilibrium.
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Family Therapy Theoretical Approach
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Treats the whole family and views the symptom-bearer as indicating a problem in the family.
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Group Therapy Theoretical Approach
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Group members help each other, get validation, and test new identities/roles.
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Narrative Therapy Theoretical Approach
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Uses stories to reveal perceptions. Therapist co-constructs alternative stories with the client.
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Ecological/Life Model Theoretical Approach
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Focus on life transitions, environmental pressures, and maladaptive fit between client and larger environment. Focuses on interaction and interdependence.
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Task-Centered Theoretical Approach
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Focus on accomplishing tasks to improve self-esteem and reestablish coping capacity.
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Differentiated Participation
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In contracting, the worker is responsible for delineating unique aspects of their participation at each phase.
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Inappropriate Clients for Contracts
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Involuntary clients, clients who see the worker as unhelpful, severely disturbed clients, mentally retarded clients.
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Interpretation in Client Work
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Only used with non-fragile clients. Worker suggests meanings of clients thoughts to uncover repressed information, connect the present to the past, and integrate material from various sources.
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Catharsis
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Reliving and consciously examining repressed (an unconscious process) experiences in treatment to achieve abreaction, the release of tension/anxiety caused by the conflict and its repression.
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Transference
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Unconscious attempts to recapitulate with the worker the conflicts attached to a relationship experienced with significant persons in the past.
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Axis I
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Clinical disorders.
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Axis II
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Personality disorders, or mental retardation.
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Axis III
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Physical disorders which cause/contribute to an axis I diagnosis, have treatment implications, or influence medications.
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Axis IV
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Psychosocial/environmental problems that affect diagnosis/treatment/prognosis.
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Axis V
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Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). A numerical designation reflecting current functioning/highest functioning in the last year.
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Defensive Functioning Scale
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Assessment of clients defenses/coping, part of the DSM IV
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Rett’s Disorder
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Normal development before 5 months. Deterioration of head growth and hand skills, social/language/psychomotor skills.
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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2 years of normal development. Deterioration of language skills/social interaction. Onset of stereotyped behaviors and interests.
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ADHD
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Symptoms must last for at least 6 months. Treatment by meds and behavior modification.
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Conduct Disorder
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Others rights/property are violated. Norms ignored. Aggression/destruction of property are common.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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Negative/hostile/defiant behaviors less severe than conduct disorder. Motivated by interpersonal reactivity/power struggle with adults.
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Tourette’s Disorder
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Multiple motor tics and 1+ vocal tics.
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Chronic Motor/Vocal Tic Disorder
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Either motor or vocal tics.
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Transient Tic Disorder
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Less severe than Tourette’s Symptoms end within 12 months.
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Encopresis
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Passage of feces in inappropriate places.
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Enuresis
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Repeated urination after continence would be expected.
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Stereotype/Movement Disorder
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Repetitive, driven motor behavior (rocking, headbanging, hand waving, etc.).
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Delirium
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Disturbance of consciousness or cognition that develops over a short time due to a medical condition or is substance induced.
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Substance Dependence
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Drug use with increased tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, compulsive use, behavior problems.
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Substance Abuse
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Social, legal/medical problems due to drug use.
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Schizophrenic and Other Psychotic Disorders
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Psychotic symptoms during active phase (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, thought disorder and/or negative symptoms). Deterioration from a previous level of functioning. Continuous illness of 6 months with at least 1 months of active symptoms.
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Schizophrenia, Catatonic Type
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Stupor, negativism, rigidity, mutism.
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Schizophrenia, Disorganized Type
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Incoherence, flat/inappropriate affect, possible delusions not organized into a coherent theme, disorganized speech/behavior.
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Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type
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Delusions, auditory hallucinations.
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Schizophrenia, Undifferentiated Type
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Delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, grossly disorganized behavior.
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Schizophrenia, Residual Type
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Absence of prominent psychotic features.
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months duration. Increased likelihood of acute onset due to high stress. Characterized by absence of flat affect. Same treatment as schizophrenia. Similar to schizophrenia but shorter and more discrete episode.
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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Psychotic symptoms with depressive/manic/mixed episode. Same treatment as schizophrenia.
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Delusional Disorders
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A persistent delusion without hallucinations. Types: persecutory, jealous, erotomanic (someone in love with them), somatic (defect/disease), or grandiose.
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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Sudden onset, duration of less than one month.
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Shared Psychotic Disorder
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Delusion with another person in a close relationship.
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Major Depressive Disorder
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At least 2 weeks duration.
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Dysthymic Disorder
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Less severe symptoms than major depressive but at least 2 years of duration.
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Bipolar I Disorder
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1+ manic episodes.
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Bipolar II Disorder
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Major depressive episodes with 1+ hypomanic episode (less severe manic episode).
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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Many hypomanic (less severe manic episode) and depressive episodes. Not as severe as bipolar.
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PTSD
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1+ month re-experiencing, numbness, arousal-anxiety symptoms.
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Acute Stress Disorder
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Within 1 months of trauma, anxiety/dissociative
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Excessive worry and distress, 6+ months.
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Conversion Disorder
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Motor/perceptual symptoms reflecting emotional conflict.
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Somatization Disorder
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Recurrent somatic complaints for several years.
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Pain Disorder
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Preoccupation with pain caused psychologically.
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Dissociative Fugue
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Sudden travel with new identity without remembering the old identity.
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Inability to recall important personal information.
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Depersonalization Disorder
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Feeling detached from one’s mental process/body.
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Treatment for Dissociative Disorders
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Psychotherapy working through conflict/recovering memories of trauma, integrating feeling states with mental process or body.
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Dissociative Disorders
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Disturbance in identity, memory, consciousness, or perception. Frequently precipitated by trauma.
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Sexual Desire Disorder
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Lack of desire causing life problems.
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Sexual Aversion Disorder
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Avoidance of genital sexual activity.
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Sexual Arousal Disorder
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Inability to maintain arousal.
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Orgasmic Disorder
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Absence of orgasm.
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Sexual Pain Disorders
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Pain during intercourse.
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Paraphilias
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Bizarre acts typically concealed.
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Refusal to maintain weight, fear of getting fat.
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Binging and purging. 2+ binge episodes/week for three months.
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Facticious Disorders
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Intentionally faked symptoms to play the role of a sick person.
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Trichotillomania
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Hair pulling for relief resulting in hair loss.
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Adjustment Disorders
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Response to stressors characterized by anxiety, depression, conduct issues, starting within three months, and lasting less than 6 months.
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Axis II Diagnoses
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Personality disorders, an enduring and inflexible pattern of maladaptive personality traits causing impairment/distress.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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Cluster A disorder. Interpreting the actions of others as threatening. There are no psychotic symptoms, delusions, or hallucinations.
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Cluster A disorder. An inability to form relationships/care for others, a restricted range or emotions. There are no speech, behavior, or thought disorders.
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Cluster A disorder. Deficits in interpersonal relatedness. Thought, perception, speech, behavior peculiarities.
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Cluster A Personality Disorder Treatment
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Respond with straightforwardness, courtesy, honesty, and respect to deal with trust and intimacy issues.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Cluster B disorder. Chronic irresponsible and antisocial behavior violating the rights of others. Repeated illegal offenses, verbal ability, seductiveness, inventive justification of behavior. These individuals are intelligent and manipulative. Treatment includes long-term therapy, self-help groups, and establishing limits.
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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Cluster B disorder. Instability in mood, relationships, and self-image. Impulsivity, mood shifts, fear of being alone. Treatment includes clear boundaries and limit setting.
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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Cluster B disorder. Excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Constantly seeking reassurance, approval, and praise. Overly dramatic and intense. Treatment includes tempering egocentricity and increase empathy in psychotherapy.
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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Cluster B disorder. Self importance, success fantasies, exhibitionism, difficulty with criticism. Feelings of entitlement, exploiting others. Idealizing and devaluing others. Treatment includes supportive counseling, empathic mirroring.
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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Cluster C disorder. Extreme sensitivity to social rejection, fear of social relationships, low self esteem.
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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Cluster C disorder. Dependent and submissive behavior, lack of self-confidence.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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Cluster C disorder. Perfectionism and inflexibility. Limited positive emotions. Miserly with money. Characterized by ambivalence, as obsessions are associated with an inability to move forward in any direction.
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Defense Mechanisms for Substance Abuse
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Regression, projection, rationalization denial, minimization.
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Defense Mechanisms for Schizophrenia
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Fixation, regression, symbolization.
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Defense Mechanisms for Paranoid Delusional Disorder
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Projection.
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Defense Mechanisms for Erotomania Delusional Disorder
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Projection
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Defense Mechanisms for Grandeur Delusional Disorder
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Reaction formation, omnipotence.
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Defense Mechanisms for Somatic Delusional Disorder
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Regression.
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Defense Mechanisms for Mood Disorders
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Reaction formation, introjection.
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Defense Mechanisms for Generalized Anxiety/Panic Disorders
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Regression, repression.
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Defense Mechanisms for Phobias
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Displacement, symbolization, avoidance.
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Defense Mechanisms for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
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Isolation of affect, undoing, reaction formation, regression.
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Defense Mechanisms for Somatoform Disorders
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Repression, somatization, conversion.
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Defense Mechanisms for Body Dysmorphic Disorders
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Repression, dissociation, distortion, symbolization.
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Defense Mechanisms for Dissociative Disorders
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Repression, dissociation.
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Defense Mechanisms for Paranoid Personality Disorders
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Projection.
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Defense Mechanisms for Histrionic Personality Disorders
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Dissociation.
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Defense Mechanisms for Borderline Personality Disorders
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Splitting, acting out, projective identification.
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Conversion and Somatization Defenses
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Always pathological.
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Medications for Schizophrenia and Psychotic Symptoms
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Haldol, Thorazine, Mellaril, Stelazine, Prolixin, Navane, Clozaril, Risperdal, Seroquel, Olanzapine, Abilify (many have Tardive’s Dyskinesia as a side effect).
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Medications for Bipolar Disorder
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Mood stabilizers. Lithium, Tegrefol, Depakote, Lamictal. May cause weight gain, kidney/thyroid/liver problems.
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Medication for Unipolar Depression (SSRI’s)
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Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox, Celexa, Lexapro. SSRI’s have fewer side effects, are expensive, and cause loss of libido.
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Medication for Unipolar Depression (Atypical)
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Effexor, Wellbutrin (no loss of libido), Cymbalta (depression with somatic complaints).
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Medication for Unipolar Depression (Tricyclic)
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Imipramine, Amitriptyline, Elavil. Not commonly used due to cardiac monitoring issues.
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Medication for Unipolar Depression (MAO Inhibitors)
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Nardil, Parnate, Marplan. Require a special diet to be safe. Not commonly used.
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Medication for Anxiety
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Benzodiazepines. Ativan, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium. Effective with a high risk for addiction. Cause psychotic symptoms in the elderly.
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Medication for Attention Disorders
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Amphetamine-like=Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall. Relieve symptoms quickly, can be abused, cause weight loss and an increased pulse. Non-Amphetamine-like=Strattera. 2-4 weeks before effective, can’t be abused, less weight less.
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Defense Mechanisms
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Outlined by Anna Freud. Expel impulses evoking anxiety. Are universally used.
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Compensation
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Defenses against feelings of inferiority.
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Conversion
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Psychic pain given a location in some part of the body.
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Denial
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Avoidance of awareness of a painful aspect of reality.
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Displacement
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Investing repressed feelings in a substitute object.
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Association
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Gratification through association with someone who is gratifying the same instincts.
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Identification
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An individual becomes like another person. A more elaborate process than introjection.
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Introjection
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Assimilation of an idea or image into oneself.
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Inversion
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Object of aggression is changed from another person to the self.
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Isolation of Affect
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Splitting ideas from the feelings originally associated with them.
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Intellectualization
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Binding of instinctual drives in intellectual activities.
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Projection
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Attributing a painful impulse/idea to the external world/another person.
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Rationalization
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Giving a logical explanation for painful unconscious material.
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Reaction Formation
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Replacement of a painful feeling/idea with its opposite.
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Regression
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Retreating to an earlier phase of development.
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Repression
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Obliterating material from conscious awareness.
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Reversal
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Reaction formation aimed at protection from painful affect.
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Splitting
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Objects are all good or all bad. Feelings change rapidly.
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Sublimation
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Deflecting instinctual drives to more acceptable aims.
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Substitution
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Substituting one affect for another.
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Undoing
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Performing the opposite of an act recently committed. A secondary defense mechanism which surfaces when unacceptable thoughts/actions break into consciousness.
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Identification with the Aggressor
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Child assimilates an anxiety experience to transform herself from the person threatened to the person making the threat.
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Educational Groups
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The worker’s role is to encourage group problem solving and facilitate discussion.
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Therapy Groups
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Worker’s role is more active.
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Facilitating adjustment to a residential setting for teenagers
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Succeed educationally and develop new learning skills.
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Conduct Disorder Treatment
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Family treatment (for adolescents)
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Gestalt Therapy
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Emphasizes the here and now and patients learn how their drive to satisfy needs influences their behavior.
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Cost Effectiveness
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Ability to mediate between costs and effectiveness.
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Worker Satisfaction
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Heavily influenced by positive feedback and involvement in decision-making.
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Shaping
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Changing behavior in a predetermined way by rewarding steps toward the behavior.
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Passive Aggressive Treatment
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Creating some discomfort.
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Phobia Treatment
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Behavioral group treatment.
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Masters & Johnson
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Developed specific time-limited procedures effective in removing impediments to satisfying sexual functioning.
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Community Organization
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Long-range goal is to reduce dependency.
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Depression Symptoms
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Usually do not include cognitive functioning.
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Substance Abuse
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Must include a pattern of pathological use, impairment in social/occupational functioning, and disturbance of at least one month.
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Stages of Dying (Kubler-Ross)
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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.
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Malingering
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Requires a planned response to some undesirable activity that the client would like to avoid.
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Etiological Approach
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Provide an explanation of causation.
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Echolalia
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Pathological repetition of words/phrases. Prevalent in schizophrenia, catatonic type.
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Pica
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Often found in people with mental retardation.
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Paranoid Personality Disorder Treatment
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The least threatening most supportive intervention, to not trigger paranoid ideas about the SWer. A direct discussion would be counterproductive.
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Ego-Syntonic
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Behaviors/feelings are completely acceptable and no conflict is experienced about them. Any discomfort is believed to be from external sources.
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Mental Disorder
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Clinically significant impairment/distress that may be supported by observations of friends/coworkers/relatives.
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Alcohol Abuse
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Most significantly associated with a family history of alcohol abuse.
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Agoraphobia
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Fear of public and open places.
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Ego Functioning
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Education is the least valuable/necessary factor.
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Somaticization Disorder
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Recurring, multiple, clinically significant somatic complaints beginning before age 30. There are no medical diagnoses.
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Pseudomutuality
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All members agree their behaviors are for the benefit of all equally and the opposite is actually true.
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Neuroses
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A response to unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood experiences that produce painful emotional symptoms, but protect the person from anxiety. Conflicts between instinctual drives and external reality.
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Somatoform Disorders
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Physical symptoms (pain, nausea, dizziness) causing significant emotional/physical distress but have no medical explanation.
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Lithium/Haldol
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Used to treat bipolar disorder. Effective with 80% of patients.
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Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
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Noncompliance with authority, poor work performance, passive resistance, envy of others who succeed, persistent complaints of personal misfortune.
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