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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the classifications of eggs? (according to yolk distribution)
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Isolecithal, Mesolecithal, Teleolecithal, Centrolecithal
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What are the major cleavage types?
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Holoblastic, Discoidal/Meroblastic, Superficial, Rotational, Spiral
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What are the characteristics of Holoblastic cleavage? Where is it found?
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Cleavage is complete, w/o remaining connections b/w cells. Examples: Sea Urchin, Frog
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What are the characteristics of Discoidal/meroblastic cleavage? Where is it found?
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Cleavage is incomplete, cytoplasmic streaming from yolk cell into blastomeres. Ex: Fish
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What are the characteristics of Superficial cleavage? Where is it found?
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Period of mitosis w/o cytokinesis(forming syncitium) followed by simultaneous cellularization. Allows a gradient of molecules to be produced. Ex: Fly
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Define anterior and posterior.
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Front and back, as relates to movement
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What are the 4 major themes of developmental biology?
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1.Morphogenesis 2.Pattern Formation 3.Cell Fate Specification 4.Differential gene expression
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What are the major mechanisms of development? Describe them.
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1.Maternal Effect-molecular signals provided in egg by mother determine what genes are turned on or off 2.Induction- cell-cell signaling turns genes on or off
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What is the basic principle of life cycles?
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Gametes produce a body that can produce more gametes
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What are the major steps of a life cycle?
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Fertilization, Cleavage (+patterns), Gastrulation, Organogenesis/histogenesis, Larval stages, Adulthood/gametogenesis
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What are indirect developers? How are they different from direct developers?
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Indirect developers undergo metamorphosis, direct developers don't
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What produces the Dorsoventral axis pattern in vertebrate ectodermal organs?
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Inductive interactions between neural tube and both the underlying notochord and the overlaying epidermis
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What are the subdivisions along the vertebrate ectodermal D/V axis?
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1.Floorplate 2.Basal Plate (motoneurons, outgoing signals) 3.Alar Plate (interneurons, incoming signals) 4. Neural Crest
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What are the subdivisions along the vertebrate ectodermal A/P axis? What do they give rise to?
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1.Prosencephalon (hypothalamus, pineal) 2.Mesencephalon(Colliculi) 3.Rhombencephalon(cerebellum, medulla)(rhombomeres)
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What cell types are generated via placodes?
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Ear(inner), Eyes(lens), Nose
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What are the categorizations of animals by # of germs layers?
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1.Diploblasts (Radiata) 2.Triploblasts (Bilateria)
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What is the main process of Gastrulation?
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Making a tube within a tube
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What are two categories of animals based on gastrulation pattern? Are these triploblasts or diploblasts?
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1.Deuterostomes(blastopore=anus) 2.Protostomes(blastopore=mouth)
These are both triploblasts |
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What are the major model organisms? Give both common and latin name.
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1.Mouse(Mus musculus) 2.Chick(Gallus gallus) 3.Zebrafish(Danio rerio) 4.Frog(Xenopus laevis) 5.Worm(Caenorhabditis elegans) 6.Fly(Drosophila melanogaster)
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Why are the major model organisms so frequently chosen for research?
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1.Synergy b/w labs 2.Easy to manipulate embryos in meaningful way 3.Easy to obtain embryos 4."Representative"
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What are the major manipulations done in Devel. Biology?
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1.Fate mapping 2.Experimental embryology 3.Genetic manipulations
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When is the insect phylotypic stage?
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The elongated germ-band stage
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What does the Ectoderm give rise to?
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Neural crest, neural tube, epidermis, epidermal placodes
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What are the subdivisions of the Mesoderm?
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Axial mesoderm, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, lateral mesoderm, head mesenchyme
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What is included in the axial mesoderm?
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Notochord and head mesoderm
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What is included in paraxial mesoderm?
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Somites (Dermatome, Sclerotome, Myotome)
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What is included in the intermediate mesoderm?
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Kidney, heart, lateral plate
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What are the vertebrate endodermal organs?
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Gut, Liver, Lungs
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Anatomy of Sea Urchin:
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Radial symmetry, water vascular system, radial nerve ring
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Anatomy of Worm:
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Bilateral Symmetry, Widespread CNS (Radial nerve ring at pharynx, dorsal cord, ventral cord), mostly muscle and gonad
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Anatomy of Fly:
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Ventral CNS + ganglia, Dorsal heart, open circ system, malpighian tubules
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What are the old-school methods of fate mapping?
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Ablation and Marking (with implanted glass needles, carbon particles, or dye marks)
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What are the advantages of quail/chick chimeras for fate mapping?
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Good:nuclei stain differently, permanent
Bad: Cannot be visualized in living specimens |
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What are the different ways in which fluorescent dyes are used?
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1.Inject single cell 2.Label small groups of cells with lipophilic dyes 3.Label single cels with laser-uncaging of caged fluorescent dyes
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What is a disadvantage of fluorescent dyes?
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They are not permanent because they are diluted by cell division
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What are the genetically encoded markers?
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Lac Z, Green fluorescent protein
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What are the characteristics of epithelial cells?
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1. Sheet of cells 2. Apical/Basal Polarity (Cell-cell junctions apically, Basement membrane basally)
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What are the advantages, disadvantages, and paradigms of Xenopus?
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Advantages: Very large embryos, excellent for surface imaging. Excellent for cut & paste and for microinjection, vertebrate, long history, very cheap
Disadvantages: Lack of true genetics, opaque cells Paradigms studied: Induction and Axis patterning Gastrulation Gene discovery with expression screens |
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What are the advantages, disadvantages, and paradigms of the Zebrafish?
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Advantages: Transparent embryos, excellent for deep cell imaging, vertebrate, forward genetics
Disadvantages: Difficult to cut & paste, no true reverse genetics Paradigms studied: Induction & Patterning Organogenesis Gene discovery with forward mutagenesis screens |
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What are the advantages, disadvantages, and paradigms of the Chick?
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Advantages: Large embryos, excellent for surface imaging. Excellent for cut & paste, vertebrate, long history, cheap
Disadvantages: Difficult to manipulate molecular biology Paradigms studied: Neural crest development Limb development |
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What are the advantages, disadvantages, and paradigms of the mouse?
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Advantages: Very effective reverse genetics and genome manipulation, mammal
Disadvantages: Very expensive, very tiny embryos, internal development Paradigms studied: Neural crest development Organogenesis Limb development |
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Define fated
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What a cell will become if left alone in a normal animal
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Define competent
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What is possible for a cell to become vs. not possible
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Define determined
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What a cell is irreversibly commited to become
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