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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunology
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the study of cells and molecules that recognize and respond to disease |
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What are the major themes of immunology?
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2. Innate and adaptive immunity 3. T cells and B cells 4.Cell Signaling 5. Recognition and Memory |
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Hematopoietic stem cells
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Give rise to all types of blood cells |
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Differentiation antigens
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Cells secrete a unique set of antibodies on their surfaces that allow for them to be distinguished from one another |
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B cells
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Mature in the bone marrow |
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Plasma B cell |
Secretes antibody and then dies
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Memory B cell
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Ready for next occurrence of antigen
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T cells |
Mature in the thymus |
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Helper T cells
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Activate most immune cells |
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Cytotoxic T cells |
Instruct cell apoptosis
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Natural killer cells |
Secrete cytokines |
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Macrophages
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Activated by TLRs. Phagocytosis of invaders. Contain reactive oxygen species. |
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Mast cells
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Long-lived and large Release chemicals against large invaders like parasites Contain histamine |
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Neutrophils |
Very, very good killers Move into the tissues by extravasation |
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Eosinophils |
Circulating Contain crystalized granules that damage parasites Contain RNases |
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Basophils |
Contain histamine |
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Dendritic cells
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Arise from lymphoid and myeloid precursors |
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Humoral effect
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Stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies
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Cellular effect |
Stimulate activation of T cells |
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What anatomical barriers to infection exist? |
Skin Mucous Membranes |
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What are the major weapons of the innate immune system? |
Cytokines - chemicals released during attack that start inflammation Inflammation - high blood volume causes redness and swelling Phagocytosis |
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Toll-Like Receptors |
Cell-surface receptors that recognize conserved molecules in many pathogens
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How do cytokines function?
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Chemoattractants
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How do neutrophils leave the blood stream?
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Chemotaxis - specific receptors on the plasma membrane allow them to move towards areas of increasing cytokine concentrations |
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What are the cells of innate immunity?
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Macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells |
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What did knockouts of LBP and CD14 do to infections of Salmonella in mice?
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Failure to induce an early immune response Delay in neutrophil recruitment |
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Immunogen
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Bind to antibodies and cause immune response
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Haptens |
Bind to antibodies and do not cause immune response
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What factors make for a good immunogen? |
Good immunogens are proteins, polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides |
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What factors of the host immune system affect response?
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Genotype of Animal
Dose and route of immunogen |
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Describe the structure and composition of an antibody protein
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"Y"-shaped molecule with four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds |
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IgG |
"Normal" monomer antibody |
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IgM
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Pentamer First antibody produced |
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IgA
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Secreted by mucosal cells 5-15 g per day pumped into the digestive tract |
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IgE
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Binds to Fc receptors of mast cells |
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IgD
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No idea what it does |
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How do antibody carry out an immune response?
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Complement activation - promote phagocytosis and punch holes in the bacterial membranes Antibody-dependent cell-mediated endocytosis - activates NK cells Passive immunization |
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What are B-cell receptors?
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Transmits signals to cells Starts secretion of antibodies |
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Germ-line diversity
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Each antibody was encoded in a separate germline gene
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Somatic hypermutation |
The immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it as seen during class switching. |
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Juntional flexibility
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DNA sequence variations introduced by improper joining of gene segments during the process of VDJ recombination |
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How are P and N nucleotides introduced?
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RAG-1 and RAG-2, recombination activating genes, and activate VDJ recombination |
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Allelic exclusion
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Two alleles, one from mom & one from dad Expression from one allele shut off randomly |
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Somatic hypermutation
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Immune system adapts to new foreign elements that confront it
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Class switching
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Changes a B cell's production of immunoglobin from one type to another |
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Mast Cells & Basophils |
Mast Cells: Long-lived version Basophils: Short-lived version |
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Macrophages & Neutrophils |
Macrophages: Long-lived version Neutrophils: Short-lived version |
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HSC |
Self-renewing and pluripotent Myeloidprogenitor (red/white blood cells) Lymphoidprogenitor (white blood cells)PUBS8 |
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Two major types of immune cells |
Myeloid & Lymphoid |
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Primary Lymphoid Organs |
Where cells mature Thymus Bone Marrow |
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
Where cells do their work MALT Spleen Lymphatic System/Lymph Node |
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MALT |
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Example:Peyer's Patch in the gut |
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Spleen |
Filters blood for antigens |
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Lymphatic System |
Extra blood serum that has leakedout circulation is collected into lymph
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Lymph Node |
Mix through B cells (outer cortex),T cells (paracortex) and leave into lymph throughmedullaz
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TLR Signaling: Step 1 |
TLR binds Ligand outside cell
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TLR Signaling: Step 2
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TLR changes shape to bind MyD88inside cell
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TLR Signaling: Step 3
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MyD88 causes phosphorylations
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TLR Signaling: Step 4
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Activates TAK1
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TLR Signaling: Step 5
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TAK1 causes release of NFkBand kinases (effectors)
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Extravasation |
Blood vessel walls express Selectin and ICAM (CAM = cellular adhesion molecule)
Neutrophils have Mucinto interacts with Selectin and cause rolling. Cytokines cause upregulation of Integrin in Neutrophils. Integrin binds ICAM and cell slows to exitblood. |
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Epitope |
the surfaces on antigens to whichantibodies bind
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Fab |
fragmentof antigen binding
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Fc |
fragmentof constant region
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B cell receptor |
Signal a B cell to secrete antibodies |
