Exam I

Front 1

Immunology

Back 1

the study of cells and molecules that recognize and respond to diseas

Front 2

What are the major themes of immunology?

Back 2

1. Pathogens

2. Innate and adaptive immunity

3. T cells and B cells

4. recognition and memory

Front 3

Hematopoietic stem cells

Back 3

Give rise to all types of blood cells

Front 4

Differentiation antigens

Back 4

Cells secrete a unique set of antibodies on their surfaces that allow for them to be distinguished from one another

Front 5

B cells

Back 5

Mature in the bone marrow

Front 6

Plasma B cell

Back 6

Secretes antibody and then dies

Front 7

Memory B cell

Back 7

Ready for next occurrence of antigen

Front 8

T cells

Back 8

Mature in the thymus

Front 9

Helper T cells

Back 9

activate most immune cells

Front 10

Cytotoxic T cells

Back 10

Instruct cell apoptosis

Front 11

Natural killer cells

Back 11

Direct and direct death of cells that don't present MHC.

Secrete cytokines

Front 12

Macrophages

Back 12

Long-lived and large.

Activated by TLRs.

Phagocytosis of invaders.

Contain reactive oxygen species.

Front 13

Mast cells

Back 13

Long-lived and large

Release chemicals against large invaders like parasites

Contain histamine

Front 14

Neutrophils

Back 14

Circulating, similar to macrophages

Very, very good killers

Move into the tissues by extravasation

Front 15

Eosinophils

Back 15

Circulating

Contain crystalized granules that damage parasites

Contain RNases

Front 16

Basophils

Back 16

Circulating, similar to mast cells

Contain histamine

Front 17

Dendritic cells

Back 17

Process antigen material and present it on the cell surface for T cells to see.

Arise from lymphoid and myeloid precursors

Front 18

Humoral effect

Back 18

Stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies

Front 19

Cellular effect

Back 19

Stimulate activation of T cells

Front 20

What anatomical barriers to infection exist?

Back 20

Skin

mucous membranes

Front 21

What are the major weapons of the innate immune system?

Back 21

Antimicrobial peptides - attack microbial membranes via peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides

Cytokines - chemicals released during attack that start inflammation

Inflammation - high blood volume causes redness and swelling

Front 22

Toll-Like Receptors

Back 22

Cell-surface receptors that recognize conserved molecules in many pathogens

Front 23

How do cytokines function?

Back 23

Chemoattractants

Front 24

How do neutrophils leave the blood stream?

Back 24

Chemotaxis - specific receptors on the plasma membrane allow them to move towards areas of increasing cytokine concentrations

Front 25

What are the cells of innate immunity?

Back 25

Macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells

Front 26

What did knockouts of LBP and CD14 do to infections of Salmonella in mice?

Back 26

Failure to induce an early immune response

Delay in neutrophil recruitment

Front 27

Immunogen

Back 27

Bind to antibodies and cause immune response

Front 28

Haptens

Back 28

Bind to antibodies and do not cause immune response

Front 29

What factors make for a good immunogen?

Back 29

Good immunogens are proteins, polysaccharides, and lipopolysaccharides

Front 30

What factors of the host immune system affect response?

Back 30

Malnutrition, drug use, medications, lack of sleep....

Front 31

Describe the structure and composition of an antibody protein

Back 31

"Y"-shaped molecule with four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds

Front 32

IgG

Back 32

80% of antibody

"Normal" monomer antibody

Front 33

IgM

Back 33

Around 70% of antibodies

Pentamer

First antibody produced

Front 34

IgA

Back 34

Dimer

Secreted by mucosal cells

5-15 g per day pumped into the digestive tract

Front 35

IgE

Back 35

Allergies and asthma

Binds to Fc receptors of mast cells

Front 36

IgD

Back 36

Monomer

No idea what it does

Front 37

How do antibody carry out an immune response?

Back 37

Oponization - promote phagocytosis

Complement activation - promote phagocytosis and punch holes in the bacterial membranes

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated endocytosis - activates NK cells

Passive immunization

Front 38

What are B-cell receptors?

Back 38

Consist of complex-mIg and Ig-a/Ig-B

Transmits signals to cells

Starts secretion of antibodies

Front 39

Germ-line diversity

Back 39

Each antibody was encoded in a separate germline gene

Front 40

Somatic hypermutation

Back 40

The immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it as seen during class switching.

Front 41

Juntional flexibility

Back 41

DNA sequence variations introduced by improper joining of gene segments during the process of VDJ recombination

Front 42

How are P and N nucleotides introduced?

Back 42

RAG-1 and RAG-2, recombination activating genes, and activate VDJ recombination

Front 43

Allelic exclusion

Back 43

Two alleles, one from mom & one from dad

Expression from one allele shut off randomly

Front 44

Somatic hypermutation

Back 44

Immune system adapts to new foreign elements that confront it

Front 45

Class switching

Back 45

Changes a B cell's production of immunoglobin from one type to another