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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Sociological Imagination and who proposed it? |
Sociological Perspective: Points to the social context that shapes our ideas and behaviors and people's attitudes. Examining Patterns, leads to Predictions of what we wear, do, behave. C. Wright Mills Proposed it. |
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What is Mead's Theory of Social Self? |
G. H. Mead explained how society creates our personality from personal experience. |
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What is Positivism? |
Comte favored the scientific approach of Positivism, which science is the way of understanding society, rather than human understanding. |
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What is a Theory? |
Statement of how and why specific facts are related. |
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What is Social Structure? |
Any relatively stable pattern of behavior. Gives our lives shape. Ex. Family, Culture, Social Class, and Religion. |
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Three main Sociological Paradigms? Define and Describe. |
1. Functionalism: Social System composed of parts that work together to benefit the whole. 2. Conflict Theory: Groups competing with one another within the same Social System. 3. Symbolic Interactionism: People's patterns of behavior always changing. |
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What are Culture, Symbols, Values, Belief's Language, and Norms? |
Culture is Values, Beliefs, Behavior, and material objects which forms people's life. Symbol is anything in particular that has a meaning and is recognized by people who share a culture. Values is cultural standards or guidelines for a social living (Fundamental rights patriotism, respect for human dignity, sacrifice, equality, democracy, etc.) Belief's Language is statement that people hold to be true. Norms is rules and guidelines on how people should behave in society. |
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Who coined the term Sociology? |
August Comte, a French Social Thinker. Describe a new way of thinking. |
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Who was Karl Marx and Max Weber? |
Karl Marx was a sociologist who used Conflict Analysis which looks ongoing conflict between dominant and disadvantaged groups. People in advantaged positions try to protect their privilege and disadvantaged try to gain more. Max Weber is a Sociologist which stated that to understand society is to understand a specific setting from the point of view of people in it. |
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What is cultural transmission? |
Process in which one generation passed on culture to the next generation. |
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What is Sapir-Whorf Thesis? |
Suggest that people view the world through the cultural lens of language. |
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What is Sociobiology? |
Theory of how human biology affects how human being creates culture and social behavior are shaped by natural selection. |
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What are Gerald Lenski's 4 Stages of Cultural Evolution? |
1. Hunters and Gatherers 2. Horticultural 3. Pastoral 4. Agricultural |
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Which nations are the most multicultural and monocultural? |
United States is most multicultural due to all the immgrations. Japan is most monocultural. |
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What is counterculture? |
Cultural patterns that is strongly oppose those widely accepted within society norms. |
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What is Ethnocentrism? |
Practice of judging another culture by standards of one own's culture. |
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What is cultural diffusion? |
Spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. |
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What is Socialization? |
From infancy to old age. Lifelong social experience by which an individual develop their human potential and learn culture. |
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What is personality? |
Person consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior. |
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According to Durkheim's Study on "Suicide," who is the most likely to commit suicide in society and why? |
Men, Wealthy, Protestants, and the unmarried had higher suicide rates because their social ties weren't as high. |
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development? |
Studied moral reasoning or how people judge situations as right or wrong. 1st Preconventional Level, where rightness is what feels good to me 2nd Conventional Level, teenage years loses some selfishness and learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents, and conforms to public norms. 3rd Postconvetional Level, Questions what is legal, and beyond society's norms. |
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Harry Harlow's experiment with Social Isolation? |
Used monkeys in social isolation. 6 months of isolation will lead to passive, anxious and fearful. Monkey with soft terry cloth vs. wire mesh mother. Monkey with wire mesh mother unable to act when placed in group. Infant monkey can recover from three months isolation. Six months could cause irreversible emotional and behavioral change. |
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Freud's elements of personality? |
Freud combines basic drives and influence of society in three parts. Id: Human beings basic drive, are unconscious and demand immediate gratification. Id is present at birth, infant meets needs of survival (eat, sleep, drink) Ego: person conscious effort balance innate pleasure seeking drives with demand society. Superego: cultural values and norms internalized by individual. |
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development? |
Adaptation includes two parts process: Assimlation (inclusion of new knowledge into existing cognitive structures/schemas) and Accomodation (Modification of existing schemas to incorporate new knowledge. Equilibration: Assimilation/Accommodation to resolve conflict between current understanding of world and reality, drives towards balance. 1st: Sensorimotor Stage: <2 y.o. human experience through senses, touch, smell taste. 2nd: Preoperational Stage: >2 y.o. First use of language and symbols, Children believe moon follows them, but can't explain it. 3rd: Concrete Operational 7-11 y.o. Individuals first see cause and effect connections in the environment. Child can take role of others. 4th: Formal Operation: >12 y.o. think abstractly, critically and use reason. |
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What is sublimation? |
Competing demands of self and society results in compromise. |
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Cooley's idea of the "Looking Glass Self"? |
Three elements of Looking Glass. 1. How we think we appear to others 2. How we think others feel about what they perceive 3. How we feel about this reflected image. According to Cooley, our self-esteem depends on our Looking Glass Self. |
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Agents of Socialization? |
All Social Experience affect us some way. 1Family (attitude and behaviors; most impacted) , 2. Schools (Expose children tosocial diversity and learn importance society attach race and gender. Knowledgeand skills, encourage value of competition and success, first experience withbureaucracy and traits of large organization that effect them later in life),3. Peer Groups (Interest, social position and age in common, Children free fromadult supervision and take on special significance during adolescence, cancause generation gap), 4. Mass Media. (deliver impersonal communication to vastaudience, TV shaped socialization process before child reads. Hr/Per YearSchool: 900 Hr/Per Year TV:1500 TV makes kids more passive and less likely useimagination. Aggressive increase among elementary school children. |
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What is Social Interaction? |
Process by which people act and react in relation to others. |
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What is Status, Status Symbol, Ascribed Status, and Achieved Status, and Master Status? |
Status: Social Position that persons holds. (Student, Teacher, Employee) Status Symbol: People pleased with their status, often want others to recognize their position. Wedding rings to show martial status, badges to show they are police. Ascribed Status: Social position a person receives at birth or takes involuntary later in life. Master Status: Special information for social identity often shaping a person's entire life. Can be negative or positive. (Name, War Criminal, Master Thief. |
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What are role and role strain? |
Role is the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status and performs a role. Role Strain is tension among the roles connected to a single Status (Parent/Kids) (Boss/Friend) |
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What is Social Construction of reality? |
Process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction. |
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What is the Thomas Theorem? |
Situations are defined as real are real in their consequences. |
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What is dramaturgical analysis and impress management? |
Dramaturgical Analysis is Study of Social Interaction in terms of theatrical performance, analyzes status and role. Impression Management is Persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others. |
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What is a function of a joke? |
Reduce social tension in an uncomfortable situation. |
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What is Emotion Management? |
Process that sociologist describes where people socially construct their emotions as part of their everyday reality. |
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What is Primary and Secondary Group? |
Primary Group: Small Social Group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. Secondary Group: Large and impersonal social group, whose members pursue a specific goal or activity. Involves weak emotional ties and little knowledge about one another. (Formal, Polite, Goal Oriented) |
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What is instrumental and authoritarian leadership? |
Instrumental Leadership is group of leadership that focuses on completion of task, they concentrate on performance and have formal secondary relationship with members. They give orders, punish and reward people on how they contribute to groups efforts. Authoritarian Leadership is style focus on instrumental concerns, take personal charge in decision making, and demand members obey orders. |
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What is expressive and democratic Leadership? |
Expressive Leadership is build personal primary ties and offer sympathy to members. Keep group united and lighten serious moments with humors. Democratic Leadership is Expressive, includes everyone in decision making process, draw on ideas of all members to develop creative solutions to problems. |
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What is Group Conformity? |
Where groups influence the behavior of their members often promoting conformity. This fitting in can often provide a secure feeling of belonging but, group pressure can also be unpleasant and even dangerous. |
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What did Milgram's Study on obedience and conformity discover? |
Studied that people's tendency to obey is strong, even if they are asked to harm another person. |
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What is Reference Group? |
Group which we orient ourselves with which we emotionally identify, whose standards we use to judge ourselves and others. |
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What is Triad and Dyad? |
Triad is social group with three members. Triad is more stable than Dyad and can withstand loss of one member. Dyad is a Social Group of two members. |
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What is Coercive Organization? |
Jails, Psychiatric Hospitals, Prisons. Punishment or Treatment; Total Institutions. |
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What is Bureaucracy? |
Organizing large numbers of people who need to work together. |
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Identify at least three elements of a bureaucracy? |
1. Management by rules
2. Formal Hierarchical Structure 3. Organization by Functional Specialty 4. Impersonal |
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What are two problems of Bureaucracy? |
Alienation: potential to dehumanize individuals. Inefficiency and Ritualism: preoccupation of rules, interferes with meeting goals. Bureaucratic Inertia: perpetuation of the organization. |
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What is an Oligarchy? |
Small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution. |
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Some Critics claim that pornography causes violence against? |
Women |
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What is pornography, and what does it stand for in Greek? |
Pornography is printed or visual material containing Sexual Organs or Activity, intended to stimulate erotic or emotional feelings. In Greek, Pornography means, women sexual slave |
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How many teen pregnancies are there a year in the US? |
US over 1 million teen pregnancy a year |
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In what state is Prostitution Legal? |
Nevada |
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According to the FBI, how many rapes are there every year? |
95,000 year |
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Who commits most rapes? |
White, 1/2 of US Adults believe pornography increase rapes |
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What is the Incest Taboo? Why does it exist? |
Incest Taboo is prohibiting sexual relations between immediate relatives like parents and siblings. Incest exist because of inbreeding.
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What are primary and secondary sex characteristics? |
Primary Sex characteristics is organs used for reproduction. Secondary Sex characteristics is hair, voice changing external genitalia. Breast |
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What are intersexuals and transsexuals? |
Intersexuals are people with characteristic between male and female. Transsexual is a person who believes and feels that they belong to the opposite sex. |
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Who was Alfred Kinsey? |
Developed Kinsey Scale, which numerical ranking of sexual behavior on a scale of complete heterosexuality to complete homosexuality. Kinsey Report. Conducted research men have sex on top and woman on the bottom |
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What is homophobia? |
Dislike or prejudice against homosexual people (attracted to one's own sex.) |
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How do most US Adults feel about extramartial sex? |
75% men & 90% women remain faithful |
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What are the Four Principles of the McDonaldization of Society? |
1. Efficiency 2. Calculability 3. Predictability 4. Control |
