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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reactions of neurons to injury:
Neuronal ... - Intracytoplasmic accumulations -Complex ...(lipofuchsin) -Proteins -Carbohydrates -... bodies (Rabies) -Cytomegalovirus -... tangles (Alzheimer dz) -... bodies (Parkinson’s dz) |
inclusions
lipids Negri Neurofibrillary Lewy |
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reactions of neurons to injury:
Neuronal ... -Intranuclear accumulations *Herpes infection (... bodies) *Cytomegalovirus infection Neuritic ... -Focal spherical collections of dilated neuritic processes (neuronal projections) often around a central amyloid core and surrounded by a ... -Microglial cells and reactive astrocytes at periphery -Seen in Alzheimer disease |
inclusions
Cowdry plaques clear halo |
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Myasthenia Gravis (MG):
... disease Prevalence of 3/100,000 people ... in 65% and ... in 15% of MG patients ... against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) Leads to loss of functional ... at neuromuscular junction |
Autoimmune
Thymic hyperplasia thymoma Autoantibodies AChRs |
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Myasthenia Gravis (MG):
Clinical course: Weakness begins with ... muscles -Ptosis -Diplopia Weakness ... and may become generalized Symptoms respond to administration of ... agents Other tx: prednisone, plasmapheresis, resection of thymoma Mortality due to ... compromise |
extraocular
fluctuates anticholinesterase respiratory |
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Lambert-Eaton Syndrome:
Typically a ... process (occurs in the setting of a patient having cancer) -Most commonly (60% of cases) with small cell carcinoma of the ... -May occur in absence of malignancy (but that is unusual) -Patients have ... and autonomic dysfunction -Acetylcholine content in neuromuscular junction synaptic vesicles is ... -Post synaptic membrane is normally responsive ... synaptic vesicles are released -Autoimmunity to presynaptic ... channels |
paraneoplastic
lung muscle weakness normal Fewer calcium |
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A 65 year old woman is found to have muscle weakness and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. The most likely diagnosis is
1. Botulism 2. Lambert-Eaton syndrome 3. Parkinson’s dz 4. Myasthenia Gravis 5. Alzheimer’s dz |
4. Myasthenia Gravis
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Negri bodies are characteristic of which infection?
1. Herpes 2. Cytomegalovirus 3. Toxoplasmosis 4. Rabies 5. Cryptococcus |
4. Rabies
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Types of glial cells include all of the following except
1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Astrocytes 3. Microglia 4. Neurons 5. Ependymal cells |
4. Neurons
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Which of the following pathologic findings is most charcteristic of Alzheimer’s disease?
1. Negri bodies 2. Cowdry bodies 3. Neuritic plaques 4. Lewy bodies 5. Rosenthal fibers What’s could another answer be? |
3. Neuritic plaques
neurofibullary tangles |
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All of the following are charcteristic of Lambert-Eaton syndrome except
1. Usually paraneoplastic 2. Seen with small cell CA 3. Muscle weakness 4. Autonomic dysfunction 5. AChR antibodies |
5. AChR antibodies
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Fracture healing:
1)... Formation 2)... mesh formed, ingrowth of fibroblasts occurs -... tissue callus 3)... callus -Osteoprogenitor cells activated *Membranous bone formation *(initial bone formed) ... bone – reason why callus is not as strong as surrounding bone! -... activated *Fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage produced *Cartilage undergoes endochodral ossification 4)Eventually primary bony callus is replaced by mature ... bone |
Hematoma
Fibrin Soft Bony Woven Chondroblasts lamellar |
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Osteoporosis:
-A disease characterized by increased porosity of the skeleton resulting from reduced ... -The structural changes predispose the bone to fracture – particularly vertebral, hip fractures -May be localized to a certain bone or region, as in disuse osteoporosis of a limb -May involve the entire skeleton -Most common forms are ... and ... osteoporosis -Cannot detect reliably on plain X-rays until it is advanced, ... are preferable |
bone mass
senile and postmenopausal bone density scans |
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Gout:
-Common end point of a group of disorders that produce ... -Transient attacks of acute arthritis initiated by ... of urates within and about joints -Eventually develop chronic gouty arthritis and the deposition of masses of urates in joints and other sites, creating ... -... are large collections of urate crystals with a surrounding inflammatory reaction - Most patients with chronic gout also develop urate nephropathy -More than 10% of the population of the Western hemisphere has hyperuricemia, but gout develops in less than 0.5% of the population |
hyperuricemia
crystallization tophi Tophi |
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Gout:
-A plasma urate level above ... mg/dL is considered elevated because it exceeds the saturation value for urate at normal body temperature and blood pH -Most 1st attacks involve one joint (>50% of the time it is the ... joint) -Other joints may be involved: insteps, ankles, heels, knees, wrists, fingers, elbows |
7
1st MTP |
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Ankylosing Spondylitis:
~90% of pts are ... positive |
HLA-B27
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Benign tumors with identical histology
...: <2 cm, ages 5-25, long bones (typically in young patients), painful due to excess prostaglandin E2 produced by osteoblasts -Pain ... by aspirin ...: >2cm, spine, dull ache -Not responsive to aspirin Gross: round to oval well-circumscribed nidus of hemorrhagic gritty tan tissue surrounded by ... (dense) bone Micro: haphazard interconnecting trabeculae of ... bone rimmed by osteoblasts |
Osteoid osteoma
relieved Osteoblastoma sclerotic woven |
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...:
-Most frequent malignant bone neoplasm -Two age peaks: younger than ... (75%), elderly – associated with Paget’s dz, bone infarcts, irradiation -M:F = 1.6:1 -Mutations/rearrangements in ... gene in ~60-70% of cases -60% of cases occur around the ... - 10-20% have ... mets at time of dx, hematogenous spread |
osteosarcoma
20 RB knee lung |
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Osteosarcoma:
-Gross: bulky, gritty, gray-white tumors with areas of ... and cystic degeneration -Arise in ... and spread along marrow cavities, elevate the ..., extend into epiphysis -X-ray: destructive lytic and blastic mass with ill-defined margins, ... triangle -Micro: Pleomorphic and large cells with hyperchromatic nuclei in an osteoid stroma, bizarre tumor giant cells, mitoses |
hemorrhage
metaphysis periosteum Codman’s |
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...:
-Benign lesion, AKA exostosis -Young patients (children, adolescents, young adults) -M:F=3:1 -Arise in metaphysis of long bones particularly at the ...; occasionally pelvis, scapula, ribs -Slow growing, can be painful if impinge on a nerve or the stalk fractures -Gross: ... shaped outgrowths with a cartilage cap attached to the skeleton by a bony stalk -Micro: hyaline cartilage that varies in ... covered by perichondrium with new bone forming inner portion of head and stalk |
osteochondroma
knee mushroom thickness |
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A malignant small blue round cell tumor in a young patient is most likely a ...
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Ewing Sarcoma or Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET)
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The most common form of skeletal malignancy is a ... lesion
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metastatic
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