Exam 7 Mfm66

Front 1

Classes of Mediators:
Plasma proteins:

what are the 3 interrelated systems?

Back 1

complement system
Kinin system
clotting system

Front 2

What plasma protein system is this?

Lyses microorganisms by generating membrane attack complex

During this process, complement cleavage products are created

Back 2

complement system

Front 3

Complement system:
Complement cleavage products:

..., ... and, to a lesser extent, ... cause vasodilatation and increase vascular permeability
-They cause these effects by binding to mast cells which then release histamine

... is a potent chemoattractant
-Stimulates chemotactic movement of leukocytes and causes leukocyte activation

... is an opsonin, thereby enhancing phagocytosis by leukocytes

Back 3

C3a
C5a
C4a
C5a
C3b

Front 4

Classes of mediators:
... system :

When factor XII of the clotting system (... Factor) comes in contact with injured tissue, it becomes activated

This initiates the ... system cascade

Produces ...
-Potent agent for increasing vascular permeability
-Major contributor to the pain that often accompanies inflammation

Produces ...
-Activates Hageman Factor thereby producing more bradykinin (Amplification)

Back 4

Kinin
Hageman
kinin
Bradykinin
Kallikrein

Front 5

Classes of mediators:
... System:

Also triggered by activated Hageman Factor

Produces ... (factor IIa)
-This protease binds to protease-activated receptors (PARs) located on membranes of cells that participate in the inflammatory process
-Binding induces several responses including redistribution of ... and production of prostaglandins, platelet activating factor and nitric oxide

Back 5

Clotting
thrombin
P-selectin

Front 6

Summary of key mediators of acute inflammation:

... : prostaglandins, histamine, nitric oxide

... : IL-1, TNF, prostaglandins

... : prostaglandins, bradykinin

... : neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes, toxigen metabolites, nitric oxide

... : vasoactive amines, C3a and C5a, bradykinin, leukotrienes C4/D4/E4, PAF, substance P

... : C5a, leukotriene B4, TNF, IL-1, bacterial products

Back 6

Vasodilation
Fever
Pain
Tissue damage
Edema
Chemotaxis

Front 7

Outcomes of acute inflammation:

...
-Involved tissue returns to normal in both morphology and function
-Occurs when
*Injury is short-lived.
*Lack of major tissue destruction

... Formation

Healing by connective tissue replacement (..., scarring)
-May occur when substantial tissue destruction has occurred, and/or injured tissue is incapable of regeneration

Progression to ... inflammation

Back 7

Resolution
Abscess
fibrosis
chronic

Front 8

What is this?

Forms as a result of suppurative (purulent) inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of pus
-Pus consists of neutrophils, necrotic cell debris and exudate

Occurs particularly in infections caused by pyogenic (pus-producing) organisms such as Staphylococcus

Neutrophils within pus secrete enzymes that digest and destroy involved tissue (liquefactive necrosis)

Resultant cavity is filled with pus and dead microorganisms

Band of neutrophils surrounds cavity

Back 8

abscess formation

Front 9

Chronic inflammation:
Characteristics:

-Tissue infiltration by ... inflammatory cells, as opposed to the multilobulated cells (e.g. neutrophil) of acute inflammation
-Tissue ... caused by these cells (as well as by the persistent offending agent)
-Tissue healing by... , i.e. scar formation.

Back 9

mononuclear
destruction
fibrosis

Front 10

Chronic inflammation:
Mononuclear Cells:

-... - the most important cell
-Lymphocytes
-Plasma cells

Back 10

Macrophage

Front 11

Granulomatous inflammation:

A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by focal aggregates of ... within the tissue

At its most basic, a granuloma is a ... aggregate of macrophages

There are 2 types of granulomas, which differ in their pathogenesis
-... granuloma
-... granuloma

Back 11

granulomas
focal
Immune
Foreign body

Front 12

Immune granuloma:
Forms under 2 conditions:

Macrophages ... a substance that they are unable to degrade. Usually a microorganism, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

The indigestible substance is ..., in that it induces a cell-mediated immune response by T-lymphocytes-> this results in transformation of the macrophages into epithelioid cells

Back 12

phagocytose
immunogenic

Front 13

Foreign body granuloma:

Caused by substances too ... to be phagocytosed by a single macrophage (Rather, multiple macrophages as well as giant cells surround the foreign body)

Also, substances that ... capable of eliciting a T-cell mediated immune response (i.e. are ...)

Examples of foreign bodies capable of causing FB granulomas include talc, asbestos, silica, surgical suture

Back 13

large
are NOT
non-immunogenic