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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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... Syndromes:
Cannot be explained by local or distant spread of tumor or by hormones which are indigenous to the tissue in which the tumor originated Seen in ~10% of cancer patients May be the first indication of the cancer May mimic metastatic disease |
Paraneoplastic
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Types of ...:
-Endocrinopathies -Nerve and muscle syndromes -Skin Disorders -Bone, joint, and soft tissue changes -Vascular and hematologic conditions Others |
paraneoplastic syndromes
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Endocrinopathies:
...: -ACTH or ACTH-like substance *small cell carcinoma of lung *pancreatic carcinoma *neural tumors ...: -ADH or atrial natriuretic hormones *small cell carcinoma of lung *intracranial tumors |
Cushing syndrome
SIADH |
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Bone, Joint, and soft tissues:
...: Associated with carcinoma of the bronchus (...) Features include -clubbing of digits -periosteal new bone formation primarily on metatarsals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges (also distal ends of long bones) -arthritis of the adjacent joints |
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy
bronchogenic carcinoma |
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Cancer Diagnosis:
Methods Employed -... - remove the lesion -... - take a sample of the lesion -... - withdraw cells from lesion with a small bore needle and smear them on a slide followed by staining -... (e.g. PAP smear, urine cytology, sputum cytology, bronchial brushings, bronchial washings) |
Excision
Biopsy Fine needle aspiration Cytologic smears |
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Staining:
... Staining - Hematoxylin and Eosin ... Stains - e.g. Prussian blue iron stain, Oil Red O ... -antibodies linked with visible tags -help identify lineage of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated primary or metastatic tumors (e.g antibodies against intermediate filaments) -help categorize lymphomas and leukemias -help detect prognostic and therapeutic markers in tumor |
Routine
Special Immunostains |
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Immunohistochemistry:
Example: -cytokeratins are intermediate filaments that are expressed in normal epithelial cells and in cancers that are of epithelial origin (...) |
carcinomas
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...:
-Second most common skin cancer -Derived from keratinocytes -Sun exposed skin |
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Prognosis - Squamous Cell Skin CA:
Overall approximately ... percent cure rate with treatment |
ninety-five
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... carcinoma:
-Most common skin cancer -Derived from cells of the lower epidermis (... cells) -May ulcerate (“... ulcer”) -Sun exposed skin -Rarely metastasize |
Basal Cell
basal rodent |
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The most common malignant tumor occurring in white patients is the ... carcinoma, typically a shiny, translucent, skin-colored or pink tumor with a central dell and prominent ...
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basal cell
telangiectasia |
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Prognosis - Basal cell CA:
-Generally excellent prognosis -... are extremely rare -Morbidity is due to local invasion -Cure rates for primary basal cell carcinoma (>90%) |
Metastases
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90% of lung CA due to ...:
Increased risks of: -cardiovascular disease -stroke (especially in women on OCPs) -sinus/respiratory tract infections -lung disease (COPD/emphysema/chronic bronchitis) -other cancers -fetal hypoxia |
smoking
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alcohol:
-Millions of alcoholics in U.S. -DUI - legal limit is generally blood alcohol > 80 mg/dL -Impairment correlates with blood level -... drinkers can sometimes tolerate very high blood levels |
Habitual
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Alcohol Effects:
CNS : acute CNS depressant ... syndrome - thiamine (B1) deficiency -ataxia, cognitive impairment, ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus ... syndrome - thiamine deficiency & toxicity -severe memory loss, confabulation Often grouped together ->... syndrome |
Wernicke
Korsakoff Wernicke-Korsakoff |
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Alcohol Effects:
Liver -... change (in industrialized nations like U.S. ->alcohol abuse is most common cause of significant ... change) -acute ... -cirrhosis ...: -most common form of preventable mental retardation** |
fatty
fatty hepatitis Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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Drug Abuse:
Psychomotor stimulants: ...: -sniffed, smoked (“crack”), injected Effects -euphoria, paranoia, hyperthermia -hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarct, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarct fetal ... ... - separation of placenta from uterine wall -associated with retroplacental hemorrhage -associated with fetal death hemorrhages in newborns |
Cocaine
hypoxia placental abruption |
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Oral Contraceptives:
Estrogen and progestin or progestin only ... risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer Increased risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - particularly in pts with Factor ... or ... mutations ... risk of ischemic stroke (particularly in smokers) ... incidence of hepatic adenomas |
Decreased
V prothrombin Increased Increased |
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Hormone Replacement Therapy:
Typically use combination of ... and a ... due to increase in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer with unopposed estrogen tx Increased risk of breast CA with 5 yrs of use Increased risk of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and retinal thrombosis Possible increased risk of MI Increased risk of gallbladder disease |
estrogen
progestin |
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...:
Large therapeutic window Toxicity -nausea, vomiting, diarrhea -serious overdosage --> jaundice and liver damage --> hepatic necrosis with ALT and AST elevations |
Acetaminophen
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Industrial Exposures:
...: -Inhalation, ingestion -Clears rapidly from blood -80-85% of absorbed lead is taken up by bones in children |
Lead
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Agricultural hazards:
Insecticides, Herbicides: ...: -Associated with development of skin cancer *squamous cell carcinoma *basal cell carcinoma -Also lung and liver cancer |
Arsenic
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Natural Toxins:
...: -produced by strains of fungus (Aspergillus flavus) that contaminate peanuts, corn, cottonseed -carcinogen --> hepatocellular CA ...: -tropical fish and snails ingest dinoflagellates containing ciguatoxin *heat stable toxin -humans ingest the fish or snails -results in paresthesias, paresis, vomiting, diarrhea |
Aflatoxin B1
Ciguatoxin |
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Physical Injuries:
Wounds ...: -scrape, superficial epidermal injury ...: -deeper skin injury due to blunt force trauma -tissue bridging helps to distinguish from an incised would ...: -bruise -blood vessels damaged or broken after an injury -skin intact Gunshot |
Abrasion
Laceration Contusion |
