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33 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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Dourmad 1999 |
17-19% of N intake is excreted in faeces...45-50% in urine |
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Chambers 2000 |
45 million tonnes of waste deposited directly onto fields by grazing cows, sheep and pigs |
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DEFRA 2002 |
In the UK an estimated 10 million tonnes of pig manure, with an N content of 70 kilotonnes is produced annually, a fertiliser value of £2 million |
Pig manure |
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Wania & MacKay 1996 |
Higher concentrations of HCH found at the Arctic, evidence of transport events |
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Pretty et al 2000 |
Annual external cost of ammonia emissions in '96 was £48 million |
Ammonia |
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DEFRA 2002 |
Largest source of ammonia in Europe is agriculture, with pig farming responsible for ~9% of UK emissions |
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DEFRA 2009 |
Agriculture is the source of 2/3 of all N2O produced in the UK |
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Pretty et al 2000 |
Nitrate in drinking water had a £16 mill total external cost in the UK (1996) |
Nitrate |
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DEFRA 2009 |
About 60% of NO3- in English rivers is from agriculture |
Rivers |
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Pretty et al 2000 |
Annual external cost from n2o is £738 million |
N2O |
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Giesy and Kannan 2001 |
PFOS global distribution, measured in tissues of wildlife including mammals, fish, and birds...found in urbanised and remote areas. Urban animals higher |
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Godfrey et al 2010 |
More than 1 in 7 do not have access to sufficient protein and energy from their diet |
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Paton & Reid 2009 |
Using cyclodextrin in bioluminescence assays |
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Vienna, West Virginia |
Contaminated with PCE, SVE and airsparging used. 99% decrease in PCE |
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Reid et al 2002 |
Spent mushroom compost and phenanthrene. 7 weeks to be 'trained' to degrade a chemical. Pre induction not necessary |
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Malathion |
Binds to acetylcholinesterase, prevents control of acetylcholine. Insect metabolism changes P=O bond to P=S, greater reactivity. Mammals remove non polar ester bond so more polar, can be excreted. |
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Neonicotinoids |
Bind to acetylcholine receptors, stimulates nerve firing but acetylcholinesterase can't break down neons. |
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Galloway and Cowling 2002 |
Timeline of N 'discoveries' plotted onto human population. Haber Bosch 1910, success started in 50s. |
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Watson 1996 |
mg NO3- vs year in London, see big jump in 70s. Groundwater fed. 4x increase. |
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Vitousek & Mason 1993 |
Global N fixation over time. Natural biological fixation and lightning unchanged, legume crops and green manures stayed steady but fossil fuels and fertilisers have increased. |
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Galloway & Cowling 2002 |
N cascade, human activities, atmosphere, terrestrial (soil) and aquatic systems all interlinked. Once N is introduced it can have multiple and repeated effects. |
N cascade |
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Brender et al 2013 |
Birth defects |
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Blue baby syndrome |
Last death 1959, last case 1972 Drove nitrate regulations but set at 4 x higher than conc of fatality. |
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Bryan et al 2012 |
Stomach cancer, in theory is possible but in reality only poor quality studies find this. Need to take account of Vit c intake, salt. Nitrate considered essential for cardiovascular health. Normal dietary exposure does not increase stomach cancer risk. |
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Galloway and Cowling 2002 |
Vegetarian diet is 14% efficient, meat is 4% |
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Addiscott et al |
Seasonal N utilisation- in UK in winter soil holds enough N to sustain crops (little growth). Only need to apply fertiliser in spring and summer. |
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Fate of fertilizer nitrate |
Soil N was mostly in OM. 2% PRESENT AS NO3-. Of the remainder that was lost, 1/3 leaches and 2/3 denitrifies. |
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Addiscott et al 1991 |
Of 1326ktN applied, 1072 is lost. |
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Seitzinger et al 2006 |
As N load increases, denitrification increases but it becomes less efficient, making more N2O. |
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Lancelot 1995 |
Adding N to the N sea has made it so DF blooms are larger than in normal conditions. |
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Duce 2008 Galloway 2004 |
N inputs to the oceans Rivers 50-80 TgN yr-1 Atm 40-80 N fixation 60-200 Lightning <60 |
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Bianchi 2012 |
Made the global n budget balance Previous estimates had more loss of N than input. Bianchi suggests overestimated denitrification due to scaling issues |
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Stevens et al 2010 |
Species richness decreases with inc inorganic N deposition. |
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