Exam 5 Special Senses

Front 1

Special senses

Back 1

olfaction, Gustation, Vision,

Front 2

Olfaction

Back 2

Sense of smell Arises in the olfactory epithelium. In humans It's 1 sq in the roof of the nasal cavity.

Front 3

Cells of the olfactory epithelium

Back 3

Olfactory receptor cells. Basal cells. Supporting cells. Olfactory gland cells.

Front 4

Olfactory receptor cells

Back 4

Neurons, their dendrites hang down into the nasal cavity. Their axons extend through the ethmoid bone into the olfactory bulbs. Each olfactory cell has a specific olfactory receptor protein on its dendrites. Olfactory proteins bind to molecules that give rise to smell (odorants)

Front 5

Olfactory Basal cells

Back 5

Divide and produce new olfactory receptor cells

Front 6

Olfactory Supporting cells

Back 6

Surround the olfactory receptor cells, hold them in place, maintain the chemical environment.

Front 7

Olfactory gland cells

Back 7

Produce and secrete mucus onto the surface of the olfactory epithelium .9

Front 8

Gustation

Back 8

Sense of taste. Activated by gustatory receptor cells when they're stimulated by tastants.

Front 9

Taste buds

Back 9

Bulb shaped structures. Located on the surface of the tongue, cheeks & throat.

Front 10

3 taste bud cell types

Back 10

Gustatory receptor cells. Supporting cells. Basal cells.

Front 11

Gustatory receptor cells

Back 11

Specialized cells that synapse with sensory neurons.

Front 12

Gustation Supporting cells

Back 12

Transform into new gustatory receptor cells.

Front 13

Gustation Basal cells

Back 13

Divide and produce new supporting cells.

Front 14

5 basic taste sensations

Back 14

Bitter, sweet, sour, salty, umami(savory/meaty)

Front 15

Bitter

Back 15

Caffeine, nicotine, quinine, toxins, drugs.

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Sweet

Back 16

Simple carbohydrates (sucrose, lactose, fructose..)

Front 17

Sour

Back 17

Acids/H+

Front 18

Salty

Back 18

Metal ions(Na+, K+, Mg+)

Front 19

Umami

Back 19

Amino acids, proteins

Front 20

Spicy

Back 20

Pain, nociception, in the mouth.

Front 21

Perception of taste

Back 21

Is mostly olfaction, sight, texture, temp, spiciness, and gustation all contribute to the taste of the food.

Front 22

Eyebrows

Back 22

Absorbs sweat.

Front 23

Eyelids

Back 23

Protects eye - blinking reflex. Shade the eye.

Front 24

Eyelashes

Back 24

Touch triggers blinking reflex. Shade the eyes.

Front 25

Conjunctiva

Back 25

Clear mucus membrane that covers the front of the eye & inside lining of the eyelids. Secretes mucus - lubes the eye. Protective covering.

Front 26

Conjunctivitis

Back 26

Pink eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva

Front 27

Bloodshot eye

Back 27

Blood vessel dilation in the conjunctiva

Front 28

Lacrimal glands

Back 28

Tear glands. Secrete tears onto the surface of the conjunctiva.

Front 29

Tears

Back 29

Lube the eye. Contain antimicrobial factors.

Front 30

Nasolacrimal sac

Back 30

Drains tears from the eye

Front 31

Nasolacrimal duct

Back 31

Drains tears from nasolacrimal sac into nasal cavity.

Front 32

Superior, inferior, medial, lateral rectus

Back 32

Move the eyeball.

Front 33

Superior, inferior oblique

Back 33

Stabilize eye - fixator muscles.

Front 34

Fibrous tunic

Back 34

tough outer C.T. layer. Sclera & Cornea

Front 35

Sclera

Back 35

Back portion, white, protective covering, gives shape.

Front 36

Cornea

Back 36

Front shield, protects eye, bends light as it passes through it - helps focus light onto the retina.

Front 37

Choroid

Back 37

Back portion of vascular tunic. Dark brown in color high amount of melanin. Absorbs stray light, prevents overstimulation of photoreceptors.

Front 38

Ciliary body

Back 38

Surrounds the lens Ciliary muscles - attach to lens, alter the shape of the lens for focusing light. Ciliary processes - filter blood

Front 39

Aqueous humor

Back 39

Watery fluid with nutrients. Circulates through the front part of eye, reabsorbed into blood via ducts in cornea.

Front 40

Glaucoma

Back 40

2nd leading cause of blindness. Cause by aqueous humor buildup.

Front 41

Iris

Back 41

Surrounds the pupil. 2 layers of smooth muscle. Alters the pupil diameter.

Front 42

Brown eyes

Back 42

High amount of melanin

Front 43

Blue eyes

Back 43

No melanin

Front 44

Green eyes

Back 44

Yellow melanin

Front 45

Sensory tunic

Back 45

Retina. Photoreceptors bound to a layer of the epithelium and synapse with sensory neurons. 2 types - rods and cones

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Rods

Back 46

Activated in dim light..no colors, gray tones.

Front 47

Cones

Back 47

Activated in bright lights...see color. Most cones are located in the macula lutea (circular area directly behind the lens, where light is focused.)

Front 48

3 types of cones

Back 48

Red, green, blue

Front 49

Optic disc

Back 49

Where sensory axons exit the retina. Where the optic nerve forms. Blind spot, no photoreceptors.

Front 50

Lens

Back 50

Made up of cells filled with clear protein crystals. Attached to ciliary muscles.

Front 51

Ciliary muscles

Back 51

Control the shape of the lens for proper focusing of light.

Front 52

Cataract

Back 52

Lens proteins become denatured and cloudy. Leading cause of blindness. Risk factors: age, UV,

Front 53

Vitreous humor

Back 53

Aka vitreous body. Gel like blob in posterior chamber. Holds the retina in place Vitreous floaters - debris in the vh.

Front 54

Vision close up

Back 54

Focusing on a close-up objects (object within 30ft) Pupils constrict, ciliary muscles cause the lens to bulge. Light is bent when it passes through the cornea and the lens, light projected on the macula lutea is in focus.

Front 55

Vision distant

Back 55

Pupil dilates, lens flattens.

Front 56

Nearsightedness

Back 56

Eyeball is irregularly shaped: oblong front to back. Lens is positioned too far from the macula lutea. Can focus on close things. Cannot focus on far things.

Front 57

Farsightedness

Back 57

Eyeball is oblong top to bottom. Lens is too close to the macula lutea. Can focus on distant...not close up.

Front 58

Astigmatism

Back 58

Irregular curvature of the lens and or cornea. Inability to focus in a portion of the visual field.

Front 59

Presbyopia

Back 59

Lens loses elasticity. Leads to inability of the lens to bulge as well for close up vision. Occurs naturally as you age.

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Near point of vision

Back 60

Closest distance you can focus on an object.

Front 61

Photoreceptor adaptation

Back 61

Rods - downregulate in bright light > become completely deactivated. Upregulate gradually in dim light Cones - downregulate in extremely bright light. Upregulate in dim light Individual cone types can upregulate and downregulate.

Front 62

Color blindness

Back 62

Person doesn't have one of the cone types. Red-green color blindness. Missing red or green cones. Person can't distinguish between red and green.

Front 63

Vascular tunic

Back 63

middle layer High # blood vessels 3 parts -

choroid, ciliary body, aqueous humor

Front 64

Stye

Back 64

Infected sebaceous gland of an eyelid

Front 65

Constriction vs dilation

Back 65

Occurs when focusing on a close-up object. Also triggered in bright light.

Occurs when focusing on a distant object, dim light, during emotional stress, and exercise.