Exam 5 Mfm Connective Tissue

Front 1

Connective tissue:

they are ... in nature (e.g. cartilage and bone)

They provide support to overlying ... in many organs of the body and provide tensile strength to those areas of the body that are subjected to mechanical stress.

Back 1

supportive
epithelia

Front 2

Connective tissue functions:

function as ... material in that they fill spaces and ... other tissues (e.g. connective tissue wrappings around muscle).

Back 2

packing
encapsulate

Front 3

Connective tissue:

The intercellular matrix functions:

as a ... for water, ions, & inorganic material and the ... of these substances from the circulatory system to the various tissues of the body.

The cells, fibers and intercellular matrix also function in the ... and ... (wound healing) processes.

Back 3

storage site
transport
defense
repair

Front 4

In the early embryo, the cells from the mesoderm separate from one another to form loosely arranged tissue, the ..., that fills space between other structures.

What classification of connective tissue is this?

Back 4

mesenchyme
soft connective tissue

Front 5

adipose tissue is what classification of connective tissue?

Back 5

soft connective tissue

Front 6

cartilage and bone belong to what classification of connective tissue?

Back 6

hard connective tissue

Front 7

Mesenchyme:

Spaces between the mesenchymal cells are filled with delicate fibers and an intercellular matrix (amorphous ground substance composed of ...).

As the embryo develops, the mesenchymal cells ... to produce the various intercellular materials of different connective tissues.

In some areas the mesenchymal cells may differentiate into muscle, which (is?/is not?) a connective tissue.

Back 7

mucoproteins
differentiate
is not

Front 8

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells differentiate into:

--> ... (generates fibers)
--> ... (store fat either for energy stores or heat)
--> ..., which is a progenitor cell for ... (cartilage cells)
--> ..., which is a progenitor cell for ... (found in bone)
--> ... (epithelial cells that surround blood vessels)

Back 8

fibroblast
adipocyte
chondroblast
chondrocytes
osteoblasts
osteocyte
mesothelial cells

Front 9

... - This type of soft connective tissue is found in
the umbilical cord and acts as a packing material around the two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. The ... is gelatinous in nature and is often called "Wharton's jelly”.

Back 9

Mucoid
intercellular matrix

Front 10

Soft connective tissue:

Fibroelastic connective tissue:

...: This type of connective tissue is quite flexible but it is not very resistant to mechanical stress. We find it underlying the epithelium of the trachea, esophagus and gastrointestinal system.

Back 10

Loose areolar

Front 11

Soft connective tissue:

Fibroelastic connective tissue:

Loose areolar: In these areas it forms a definitive layer called the ...
Loose areolar connective tissue is also found in superficial fascia, serous membranes and in many organs where some support is necessary.

Back 11

lamina propria

Front 12

What type of (soft) fibroelastic connective tissue is this?

The connective tissue fibers are arranged in an irregular fashion. The amount and arrangment of these fibers give the tissues more strength to withstand mechanical stress.

Less cells.
A lot more fibers.
Less space between the fibers.

Back 12

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 13

Fibroelastic connective tissue:

Examples of where you can find dense irregular connective tissue are the ... of skin and ... (surrounding tendons and nerves)

Back 13

dermis
deep fascia

Front 14

What type of soft connective tissue is this?

In this type of fibroelastic connective tissue, the fibers are arranged in a very regular and parallel fashion.

Fibers are running in the same direction --> more strength.

Found in tendon and ligaments

Back 14

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 15

Dense regular connective tissue:

A prime example of this is a tendon, which attaches muscle to bone and which is subject to a great deal of ... stress.

Back 15

mechanical

Front 16

What type of soft connective tissue is this?

-network
-Contains type 3 collagen
-This type of CT is similar in some respects to fibroelastic CT.
-However, it is more delicate nature and provides a structural support to cells in a variety of organ, e.g. lymph nodes, spleen, liver and many glands.

Back 16

reticular connective tissue

Front 17

Soft connective tissue:

Reticular connective tissue:

These structural components are called, collectively, the ...

The functional cellular components of an organ are called the ...

Back 17

stroma
parenchyma

Front 18

What type of soft connective tissue is found in the areas of the body where the mechanical stresses are such that the tissue or organs need pliability and resiliency?
(for example, it's found in the walls of arteries, in the vocal cords, in the ligamentum flavum and the ligamentum nuchae)

Back 18

elastic connective tissue

Front 19

Elastic connective tissue is also found in ... (like the ear)

Back 19

elastic cartilage

Front 20

what type of soft connective tissue is this?

-serves as an excellent means of packing to soften mechanical stresses (sole of foot, kidney)
-serves as a storage site for fat

Back 20

adipose tissue

Front 21

what type of connective tissue consists of bone, don't have much extracellular space, and have 3 types of cartilage?

Back 21

hard connective tissues

Front 22

What are the 3 basic ingredients of all connective tissues?

Back 22

cells
fibers
ground substance

Front 23

the areas of fibers and ground substance are called the ...

Back 23

extracellular matrix

Front 24

The connective tissues differ from one another either on the basis of :

cell ...

amount and type of ... and/or

the amount and type of the ....

Back 24

types
fibers
ground substance

Front 25

... has a lot of ground substance, fewer fibers, and a lot of different cells (a vast variety).

... has mainly fibers, very little ground substance (or material in between it), and only one cell type (fibroblast).

Back 25

Loose connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue

Front 26

What type of cell is this?

-produce the fibers and intercellular material in ordinary connective tissue.
-Structure: Large oval-shaped nucleus.
-Cytoplasm usually difficult to discern in LM.
-In EM, scattered rER is a characteristic feature of cytoplasm.

Back 26

Fibroblasts

Front 27

What type of cells are these?

-phagocytic cells that engulf foreign or unnecessary material
-usually arise from blood monocytes
-Structure: nucleus smaller and more irregular in contour that that of fibroblast and usually has more heterochromatin (darker staining)
-cytoplasm often inconspicuous in usual LM, but may contain visible granules
-in EM, large lysosomes and residual bodies are the most characteristic feature

Back 27

macrophages

Front 28

If an experimental animal is injected with trypan blue (a vital stain), the dye is taken up (phagocytosed) by the macrophages and can be seen in the ... with LM.
-This is one way to locate and identify phagocytic cells in an organ

Back 28

cytoplasm

Front 29

what type of cell is this?

-contain granules of histamine (a vasodilator that also makes blood vessels more permeable), and heparin (an anticoagulant).
-have a prominent role in inflammation reaction

Back 29

mast cells

Front 30

Mast cells are most common along small ..., and release of their granule content causes fluid to pass from the ... into the surrounding tissue causing swelling (...).

Back 30

blood vessels
vessels
edema

Front 31

The molecules released by mast cells act locally. This is an example of a ... secretion

Back 31

paracrine

Front 32

In specially prepared connective tissue spreads, granules of mast cells can be stained with basic aniline dyes (e.g., touluidine blue).

The cell is then seen as a dense cluster of ...-... granules (metachromatic), which often obscure the nucleus.

Back 32

purple-red

Front 33

What type of cells enclose a large droplet of fat, with cytoplasm forming a thin rim around the droplet?

Back 33

Fat cells

Front 34

Fat cells:

-Fat is an ... reserve substance in the body, and can be added or taken away from the droplet very rapidly (cytoplasm has high metabolic activity).
-useful in production of ...
-In usual LM sections, the fat is extracted and so you see only ring of ... (the nucleus may or may not be in the plane of section).

Back 34

energy
heat
cytoplasm

Front 35

What type of cell is this?

-produce circulating antibodies, and are thus part of the immune system.
-they are more numerous at times of immunological stress (foreign protein, parasites, etc.)

Back 35

plasma cells

Front 36

4 distinct morphological characteristics of plasma cells:

1) the cytoplasm is ... (abundant rER as seen with the EM)

2) there is a "..." area in the cytoplasm near the nucleus and is the region where the ... is located

3)the nucleus is ... and ... placed

4)the chromatin pattern is unique in that it resembles a ....

Back 36

basophilic
clear
Golgi complex
round
eccentrically
cartwheel

Front 37

what fiber is produced by fibroblast and is probably the most abundant protein in the body?

The synthesis of this fiber is a result of a variety of intra- and extracellular events.

Back 37

collagen

Front 38

Collagen:

Inside the ..., amino acids (predominantly
glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine) are arranged in the rough ER to form a procollagen molecule.

Sugars are added to this molecule in the ... & procollagen is released into the extracellular environment.

After reaction with procollagen peptidases, the molecule becomes insoluble and polymerizes to form tropocollagen.

The tropocollagen molecules arrange themselves in a very precise manner to form the collagen ....

Groups of collagen fibrils form a collagen ..., and groups that form a collagen ...

Back 38

fibroblast
Golgi
fibril
fiber
bundle

Front 39

Collagen fibers are ... (stain a pink color) in routine H & E preparations.

Back 39

eosinophilic

Front 40

collagen:

They are also birefringent when viewed with the polarizing microscope and this characteristic is due to the periodicity within the collagen ... *

In addition, the collagen ... has a great deal of tensile strength that serves to maintain the structural integrity of tissues and organs. *

There are several types of collagen that differ in chemical composition and in location in the body.

Back 40

fibril
fiber

Front 41

elastic fibers are produced by ... and is intermixed with collagen fibers to form ... connective tissue.

They are composed of ... surrounding a core of an amorphous substance called ...

Back 41

fibroblasts
fibroelastic
microfibrils
elastin

Front 42

Chemically, elastic fibers are similar to collagen fibers, except that they contain more of the amino acids, ... and ...

Back 42

proline
valine

Front 43

Elastic fibers:

Also, 2 unusual amino acids, ... and ....
Formed by covalent reactions among 4 lysine groups which cross-link elastin. Gives elastic fibers their
rubber-like qualities.

Back 43

desmosine
isodesmosine

Front 44

what type of fiber is this?

-contain type 3 collagen
-are in essence, "young" collagen fibers

Back 44

reticular fibers

Front 45

reticular fibers differ from collagen fibers in that they lack ..., are ... in diameter, and are silver (argyrophilic) and PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) positive.

Back 45

periodicity
smaller

Front 46

reticular fibers form a flexible ... of support (stroma) in areas subject to changes in form or volume such as glands and lymphoid organs.

Reticular fibers are also found in ... muscle,
liver and endocrine organs

Back 46

network
smooth

Front 47

what is produced by fibroblasts in fibroelastic connective tissue and fills in the spaces between fibers and cells?

Back 47

ground substance

Front 48

ground substance is important for the retention of ... and ... in the intercellular spaces.

The ... of substances through loose areolar connective tissue is determined by the state of the large molecules comprising the ground substance.

Back 48

water
ions
diffusion rate

Front 49

what are the 3 macromolecules that are found in ground substance?

Back 49

glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

Front 50

ground substance:

With the exception of hyaluronic acid, these linear chains (GAGs) are covalently bound to a protein core, forming a ... molecule.

Back 50

proteoglycan

Front 51

GAGs:

One of the main chemical features of these macro-molecules is their ability to retain ... (hydrophilic) and act like ....

Back 51

water
polyanions

Front 52

When fully hydrated, proteoglycans:

contain a thick layer of solvation water surrounding the molecule,

fill a much larger volume and

are highly ...

Back 52

viscous

Front 53

Extracellular matrix:

proteoglycans are intimately related to ... and lend some cohesiveness to the connective tissues.

Back 53

collagen fibers

Front 54

There are several types of GAGs and they differ in chemical composition and location in the body:

... is found in mucoid connective tissue, synovial fluid, skin, and the vitreous body of the eye. It is the only non-sulfated GAG. It is less viscous and is found in wounds (it helps prevent spread of noxious agents in infection). *

Chondroitin - 4 - sulphate is found in ... and is important at sites of injury and scar formation. *

Chondroitin-6-sulfate is found in ... and in some cartilage.

Dermatan sulfate is found in ..., especially the dermis of the skin. *

... is found in fibrocartilage, in the connective tissue of the cornea and is prominent in aging tissues. *

... is found in various organs, e.g. the liver and lungs and is chemically similar to heparin.

Back 54

Hyaluronic acid
hyaline cartilage
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
Keratan sulfate
Heparin sulphate

Front 55

Multiadhesive glycoproteins play a role in the:

... between neighboring cells and

... of cells to their substrate.

Back 55

interaction
adhesion

Front 56

multiadhesive glycoproteins:

... = a glycoprotein with binding sites for cells, collagen, and GAGs
-interactions at these sites mediate cell adhesion and migration
-allows cell to interact with extracellular matrix

Back 56

fibronectin

Front 57

multiadhesive glycoproteins:

... = a glycoprotein that participates in the adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina.
-basal lamina is rich with this
-it has binding sites for cell as well as for extracellular matrix

Back 57

laminin

Front 58

what is an integral membrane protein that spans the membrane?
-These proteins bind
to the extracellular matrix ligands with
low affinity allowing the cell to “move around” in the matrix, without becoming glued in place.

Back 58

integrins

Front 59

events in wound healing:

After formation of a blood clot to stem further bleeding, there is a proliferation of ..., and new ... form a network across the wound.

Blood vessels become more permeable (...-mediated) to bring nutrients into the area;

there is regeneration of small blood vessels that may have been severed.

... (eat up unnecessary material), ... (produce antibodies) and other blood elements help ingest and contain any foreign material.

There are changes in the ... (predominantly to hyaluronic acid) to retain water, ions and other nutrients. (area swells)

If an overlying epithelium (skin, intestinal) has been damaged, there is re-epithelialization also.

Back 59

fibroblasts
collagen fibers
histamine
Macrophages
plasma cells
ground substance