Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
-Ach -Biogenic Amines -Amino acids -Neuropeptides
|
key ntrans |
|
|
-cognition, behavior, glands and organs (telling effector what to do |
Ach responsible for ______ |
|
|
AcHE |
what destroys ACh in the cleft |
|
|
Dopamine, NE, 5HT, histamine |
4 biogenic amines |
|
|
brainstem and hypthalamus |
brain structures where biogenic amines are important |
|
|
consciousness, mood, endocrine regulation |
biogenic amines are important in ______ |
|
|
some excitatory and some are inhibitory |
description of amino acid ntrans |
|
|
2 or more amino acids |
what are neuropeptides made of |
|
|
endocrines and paracrines |
neuropeptides are important for _______ |
|
|
autonomic and somatic |
two divisions of the PNS |
|
|
one |
# neurons for somatic |
|
|
two |
# neurons for autonomic |
|
|
skeletal muscle |
somatic neurons innervate _____ |
|
|
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, GI neurons |
autonomic neurons innervate ______ |
|
|
excite |
somatic neurons _______ the effector |
|
|
excite or inhibit |
autonomic neurons _______ the effector |
|
|
regulate autonomic, visceral responses |
purpose of the autonomic nervous system |
|
|
effectors |
most ______ innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
|
|
sympathetic |
fight or flight (pas) |
|
|
parasympathetic |
rest and regroup (brake) |
|
|
effector organ |
ganglion location for sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
spinal cord |
ganglion location for parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
ACh |
preganglionic ntrans for sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
ACh |
preganglionic ntrans in parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
NE, epinephrine |
post ganglionic ntrans for sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
ACh |
post ganglionic ntrans for parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
adrenal medulla |
sympathetic subcategory |
|
|
inner part of the adrenal gland |
where is the adrenal medulla |
|
|
endocrine gland |
what is the adrenal medulla? a ganglion the releases to plasma and distant organs |
|
|
epinephrine and norepinephrine |
released by the adrenal medulla |
|
|
-contract pupil -decreased cardiac output (HR) -contract bronchioles increased gut motility |
parasympathetic actions on body |
|
|
-dilate pupil -increased cardiac output (HR) -relax bronchioles (tubes gets bigger) -decreased gut motility |
sympathetic actions on the body |
|
|
detect and relay info about environment to CNS |
purpose of the sensory nervous system (afferent) |
|
|
afferent axon terminal(s) or specialized cells |
pressure receptors |
|
|
generate APs |
pressure detecting afferent neurons do what ______ |
|
|
specific to stimulus type |
temperature receptor |
|
|
convey info to CNS |
temperature afferent neurons do what _______ |
|
|
produce receptor potentials |
light afferent neurons do what _______ |
|
|
photoreceptors |
light receptors |
|
|
directly by neuron end and receptor cell to neuron end |
two designs of sensory receptors |
|
|
receptor cell to neuron end |
see more of this design of sensory neuron, because even though it is slow, there is more specialization |
|
|
mechanoreceptors |
sensitive to pressure or stretch |
|
|
thermoreceptors |
sensitive to temperature |
|
|
photoreceptors |
sensitive to light (aka photons) |
|
|
chemoreceptors |
sensitive to chemicals |
|
|
nociceptors |
sensitive to painful stimuli (eg heat or tissue damage) |
|
|
intensity and location |
coding of sensory message includes _______ |
|
|
more action potentials |
more intense stimuli trigger ______ |
|
|
graded potentials |
these can be variable in response to different intensities of stimuli (match the size of the stimulus) |
|
|
increased AP frequency and increased ntrans amount |
increased stimulus intensity created increased ______ and _______ |
|
|
receptive field |
area covered by afferent neurons |
|
|
smaller |
this size of receptive field is better for localization |
|
|
inverse |
relationship between size of field and localization |
|
|
venn diagram |
use this to think of receptive fields where overlap helps in localization |
|
|
lateral inhibition |
describes that when a neuron that is activated, it reduces signal of afferents around it |
|
|
hyperpolarize |
lateral inhibition causes ____ of other cells so they have to overcome more to reach TP |
|
|
stimulus |
how much inhibition is directly related to the amount of ______ |
|
|
sharpening the pattern of contrast, results of crossing parts of axons over others to suppress -all are inhibited as long as more than one receptive field hit |
purpose of lateral inhibition |
|
|
rubbing part of body that hurts to activate other cells in a non-painful way to inhibit the pain cell |
example of lateral inhibition |
|
|
Brain stem --> thalamus --> cerebrum (with cross-over) (eg left hand to right hemisphere) |
ascending pathway in the CNS (go to specific brain regions) |
|
|
output |
input of ascending pathway to the brain can be affected by _______ |
|
|
skin, muscles, bones, tendons, joints |
info type in the somatosensory system |
|
|
free or modified afferent terminals (to get better reception of signals) |
type of neuron in somatosensory system |
|
|
thermo, mechano, nociceptors |
-receptors in somatosensory system |
|
|
nociceptors |
detect products of damaged and immune cells (aches and pains when sick come from picking up immune info) |
|
|
opposite |
-somatosensory info is on the ______ side of the brain from the part of the body that the info is coming from |
|
|
homunculus |
-get a picture that gets created on the cortex of the body -distorted bc more afferents associated with finger than arm etc -we can change the picture but not in huge ways |
|
|
sound waves |
auditory info type |
|
|
stereocilia |
passages message to afferents in the auditory system |
|
|
mechanoreceptors |
type of receptors that stereocilia (aka cochlear hairs) are -register pressure waves
|
|
|
slower |
auditory info relaying is slower/faster than somatosensory info relaying |
|
|
-external auditory canal (air) -tympanic membrane (ear drum) -middle ear (air) -cochlea/inner ear (water) -auditory nerve -CNS |
pathway for sound |
|
|
external auditory canal and middle ear |
parts where sound waves travel through air |
|
|
cochlea/inner ear |
place in ear where sound waves go through water |
|
|
cochlea |
this encodes the sound waves |
|
|
K+ and Ca2+ |
key ions in the mechanical bending of stereocilia |
|
|
amplitude/loudness frequency/pitch |
what is coded by the cochlea |
|
|
amplitude/loudness |
amount of bend, more = louder |
|
|
frequency/pitch |
this depends on where the stereocilia are in the cochlea |
|
|
high pitch/frequency |
happens when stereocilia activated near base of cochlea |
|
|
low pitch/frequency |
happens when stereocilia activated near apex of cochlea |
|
|
cerebral geometry |
two detections in hearing allow for _______ |
