Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the nerve tracts of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves provide a communication system between the
|
brain and the body parts outside the nervous system
|
|
|
connects sensory neurons with neurons in the brain
is termed: |
ascending tracts
|
|
|
conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands are called
|
descending tracts
|
|
|
messages from motor neurons in the brain to effectors
|
descending tracts
|
|
|
the spinal cord has two main functions:
|
1) carry messages to and from the brain
2) reflex integration center |
|
|
autonomic, involuntary responses that occur without input from the brain
|
spinal reflexes
|
|
|
how does the spinal cord promote homeostatis..
|
by serving as an integrating center for some reflexes
|
|
|
what is a fast, involuntary, unplanned swquence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus
|
reflex
|
|
|
if integration occurs in the brain stem rather than the spinal cord, the reflex is a
|
cranial reflex
|
|
|
what are the steps ro a reflex arc
|
1. sensory receptors
2. sensory nueron 3. interneuron 4. motor neuron 5. effector |
|
|
monosynaptic reflex only
|
stretch receptoprs in muscle
|
|
|
what causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stratching of the muscle
|
stretch reflex
|
|
|
this type of reflex occurs via a monosynaptic reflex arc
|
stretch reflex
|
|
|
what reflex
what is a simple monosynaptic reflex so called because it uses only two neurons -a sensory neuron communicating directly to a motor nueron |
knee-jerk reflex
|
|
|
what reflex helps maintain upright posture
|
knee jerk reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
what operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction. |
stretch reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
what operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn. |
the tendon reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
what protects the tendon and muscle from damage due to excessive tension. |
tendon reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
called a withdrawal reflex |
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
what occurs when a person touches something painful, as in stepping on a tack, activating skin receptors and sending sensory impulses to the spinal cord. |
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
This inhibition allows the flexor muscles to effectively withdraw the affected part. |
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
|
|
|
the impulses pass on to interneurons of a reflex center and are directed to motor neurons. The motor neurons transmit signals to the flexor muscles of the leg and thigh, which contract in response, pulling the foot away from the painful stimulus. At the same time, some of the incoming impulses stimulate interneurons that inhibit the action of the antagonistic extensor muscles
|
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
While flexor muscles on the affected side contract, the flexor muscles of the other limb are inhibited. |
Crossed extensor reflex
|
|
|
type of reflex
is due to interneuron pathways within the reflex center of the spinal cord that allow sensory impulses arriving on one side of the cord to pas across to the other side and produce an opposite effect. |
Crossed extensor reflex
|
|
|
reflexes are commonly used to obtain
|
information concerning the condition of the nervous system.
|
|
|
Such a network of axons is called
|
a plexus.
|
|
|
plexuses
what are the major nerves of the brachial plexus |
axillary nerve
musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve median nerve ulnar nerve |
|
|
what nerve
what supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm |
Phrenic Nerve
|
|
|
damage of the phrenic nerves causes
|
respiratory arrest.
( Breathing stops because the phrenic nerves no longer send impulses to the diaphragm.) |
|
|
what nerve
supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles. |
axial nerve
|
|
|
what nerve
supplies the flexors of the arm |
musculocutaneous nerve
|
|
|
what nerve
supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm. |
radial nerve
|
|
|
what nerve
supplies most of the muscles of the anterior forearm and some of the muscles of the hand. |
median nerve
|
|
|
what nerve
supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearm and most of the muscles of the hand. |
ulnar nerve
|
|
|
from forceful pulling away of the head from the shoulder, as might occur from a heavy fall on the shoulder or during childbirth in which the infant’s head is excessively stretched.
|
Injuries to the brachial plexus
Injury to the superior roots of the brachial plexus (C5-C6) may result this |
|
|
what plexus does this relate with
This condition is called Erb-Duchenne palsy or waiter’s tip position. There is loss of sensation along the lateral side of the arm. |
brachial plexus
|
|
|
what nerve (injury to this nerve)
Causes improper intramuscular injection into the deltoid |
radial nerve injury
|
|
|
(injury to this nerve) causes
Too-tight cast around the mid humerus. |
Radial Nerve Injury
|
|
|
injury to this nerve
Can’t extend the wrist and fingers. (wrist drop) |
Radial Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injured)
Numbness, tingling and pain in palm and fingers. |
Median Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injured)
Can’t pronate arm or flex finger joints. |
Median Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injured)
Weak wrist flexion and Weak thumb movements. |
Median Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injury)
"clawhand" |
Ulnar Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injury)
Loss of sensation over little finger. |
Ulnar Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injury)
Paralysis of serratus anterior muscle |
Long Thoracic Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injury)
Winged scapula |
Long Thoracic Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what nerve (injury)
Arm cannot be abducted beyond horizontal |
Long Thoracic Nerve Injury
|
|
|
what are the major nerves in the lumbar plexus
(whats that largest nerve) |
femoral nerve (largest)
and obturator nerve |
|
|
what nerve
an injury, a common complication of childbirth, results in paralysis of the adductor muscles of the leg and loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh. |
Obturator nerve
|
|
|
what nerve
The largest nerve in the body – the sciatic nerve – arises from |
the sacral plexus.
|
|
|
what nerve (injury to it)
pain that may extend from the buttock down thte posteiror and lateral aspect of the leg and the lateral aspect of the foot. |
Injury to the sciatic nerve
|
|
|
areas of the skin that provide sensation by each of the spinal nerves – used clinically to determine what nerves are injured
|
Dermatomes
|
|
|
where sensory nerve fibers innervate
|
Dermatomes
|
|
|
No function maintained from the neck down; ventilator needed for breathing
|
C1-C3
|
|
|
Diaphragm, which allows breathing
|
C4-C5
|
|
|
Some arm and chest muscles, which allows feeding, some dressing, and propelling wheelchair
|
C6-C7
|
|
|
Intact arm function
|
T1-T3
|
|
|
Control of trunk above the umbilicus
|
T4-T9
|
|
|
Most thigh muscles, which allows walking with long leg braces
|
T10-L1
|
|
|
Most leg muscles, which allows walking with short leg braces.
|
L1-L2
|
|
|
three CT covering that encircle the spinal cord and brain.
|
The meninges are
|
|
|
layer of meninges
outermost to innermost |
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater Pia mater |
|
|
where does the spinal cord begin
|
at the medulla oblongata (foramen magnum)
|
|
|
where does the spinal cord end
|
ends at the 2nd lumbar vertebra
|
|
|
spinal cord
Between lumbar enlargement and L1-L2 |
conus medullaris,
|
|
|
spinal cord
Anchors spinal cord to coccyx |
Filum Terminale
|
|
|
spinal cord
Roots of spinal nerves (“horse’s tail”) |
Cauda Equina
|
|
|
2 enlargements of the spinal cord are
|
Cervical Enlargement
C4 to T1 Lumbar Enlargement T9 to T12 |
|
|
Dorsal root + Ventral root =
|
spinal nerve
|
