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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Breifly describe what a true pathogen is capabal of: |
...causing disease on a host that has all functioning defense mechanisms. |
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Describe a opportunistic pathogen. |
Can only cause is disease when a taking advantage of a compromised host, so that it's defenses do not eliminate the organism. |
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True or false) To be considered a pathogens, it must be able to cause damage |
True |
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Name the 5 separate areas on this graph, in order. |
1.) Incubation period 2.)Prodomal Period 3.) Illness 4.) Decline 5.) Convelesence |
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What is the difference between signs and symptoms when observing infection? |
Signs: measurable or detected by observer Symptoms: subjective / sensed my the patient |
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What are major factors that effect development of disease? |
- Portal of entry (skin, inhalation, ingestion) -Infectious dose according to portal of entry - Virulence factors |
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____________ is often the single most important feature; the microbe must be able to "stick" around. |
Adherence |
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Attachment molecules for bacteria are termed __________ such as : |
Adhesins
EX -Pili, Flagella, Capsules, cell wall proteins that allow them to attach.
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True or false) Adhesins, specifically, are pathogen factors |
False, virulence factors |
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These are used when describing a microbe's ability to move around the body, from the site of infection. |
Invasiveness factors |
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Give examples of ways microbs exhibit invasiveness factors. |
- within cells that circulate -through junctions that they weaken -through cells (in and out) |
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What how do invasins function? |
Invasins induce non phagocytic cells to local phagocytosis. |
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True or false) Cells that line mucus membrane passages are natural phagocytes. Explain. |
False, not natural phagocytes, but can perform phagocytosis locally, when induced by invasins. (protiens) |
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What are some virulence factors of salmonella? What disease does it cause? |
- have flagella for mobility -protiens on flagella inhibit phagocytes -fimbrie for adherence -contain invasins to induce phagocytosis to cause more damage in cell Causes: Salmonellosis |
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What are some virulence factors in Shingella? What disease does it cause? |
-attach to M cells - lacks Flagella -inject invasins & induce inflammation attracting phagocytes. -able to survive/escape phagocytes - swelling weakens cells junctions that allows to move between cells - polymerize the actin molecules w/i epithelial cells - tail like structure to propel from one cells to another Causes: Shigellosis |
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Spreading factors are |
used to describe when a microbe produces enzymes to destroy intercellular cement. |
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The power point gave 5 enzymes that contribute to spreading factors. What are they? |
Collagenase, hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, streptokinase, lecithinase |
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Staph A protien is located _____________ and contributes to ____________ factors. It is also a(n) _______ acid. |
-Located Cell wall -Antiphagocytic factors. -Mycolic acid |
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Leukociden is an example of a __________factor. What does it do? |
Antiphagocytic factor. It kills WBC before it has the opportunity to engulf the pathogen. |
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Which of the following is easily recognizable by phagocytes? Why?
A) Staphylococcus epidermidis B) Staphylococcus aureus |
A) Staphylococcus epidermidis
Antibodies bind their Fc receptors on WBC to start phagocytosis.
Lack Staph A protein that blocks Fc attachment.
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Remember how antigens binds. |
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Coagulase is produced by __________. What does it do? |
S. aureus Forms a clot around the bacteria which keeps the phagocyte from engulfing it. |
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True or false) No pathogens can live in a white blood cells as intracellular parasites |
False, some can deactivate the killing mechanism as well |
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What is a S protein? |
(Group A streptococcus - S. pyogenes)
On cell wall, S protien binds to RBC which masks cells from phagocytosis. |
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Describe M protien. |
-protien on cell wall -prevent factors that help WBC to bind to pathogens from activating. |
Antiphagocytic factor |
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List how pathogens damage host. |
-Steal host nutrients -Direct damage (waste/growth/ruputre) -Toxin production -Inducing harmful immune responses |
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What are examples of direct damage to host? |
- Metabolic waste products - Intercellular growth/rupture |
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Bacterial cells produce these chemicals to steal iron from host. |
Siderosphores, they have a high attraction for iron. |
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True or false) The use of siderosphores is not necessarily an essential mechanism to for bacterial survival |
False, very essential for growth |
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Researchers interfered with what essential function of bacillus anthracis that causes anthrax? |
Inferring with the siderosphores, prevented the bacterium from retrieving essential iron. |
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What are endotoxins? |
Lipid A component, part of the lipopolysaccharide of the gram (-) cell wall |
Outer membrane |
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These proteins are synthesized and secreted by the bacterial cell and contain a gene that codes for damage to host. |
Exotoxins |
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True or false) Exotoxins often emerge due to lysogenic conversion |
True |
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These receptors on certain WBCs bind to lipid A which is one of several microbe (pathogen) associated molecular patterns. What else does these receptors cause? |
Toll Like Receptors (TLR) Causes signal transduction activation of transcription factors for cytokine production.
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Endotoxin |
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What is cytokine? Give the 2 examples from the ppt. |
Cytokine is protien produced by one cell, that has an affect on another. -Interleukin1 -tumor necrosis factors (TNF) |
Part of signal transduction. |
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True or false) Endotoxins are only releases when the cell dies. |
False) They are also released during cell division. |
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True or false) During phagocytosis, endotoxins often stimulate all lymphocytes. |
False) They stimulate macrophage to produce cytokines called Interleukin1 (IL-1)
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What exactly does the cytosine IL1 do? |
Its a protein messenger that travels to the hypothalamus, causing productions of prostaglandins - cause fever. |
Helps to indicate sign of infection |
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High concentrations cytokines in bloodsteams such as IL1 and TNF can result in: |
-loss of fluid & vasodialation causing low blood pressure @ dangerous levels -septic shock -blood coagulation -death
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Endotoxins and Interleukin1 can both stimulate: |
-phagocytosis - antibodies -B cells |
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What were the Exotoxins discussed in the ppt? |
Diphtheria, tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, cholera, anthrax, A-B toxin |
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What is diphtheria? |
A- B exotoxin, -forms a psuedo membrane across the throat -produces a toxin that can circulate in the local area as well as the bloodstream. (A) binds to and inhabits essential protein for protein synthesis. |
Invades the back of the throat. |
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Describe an A- B toxin. |
2 components: A & B (A) - active infectious site (B) - binding site |
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Botulism and tetanus are what type of toxins? They are produced by what type of bacterium? |
-A-B Exotoxins, nerve toxins
-Produced by endospore forming, anaerobic, Closridium genus |
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What is the mode of action for botulism? Result? |
Blocks the release of acetylcholine and preveting muscles from getting messages. Results in no muscle contraction. |
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Which exotoxins is often found in canned foods? |
Botulism from clostridium genus |
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Clostridium tetanus is often found where and how does it infect? |
Soil
If it makes it way inside a wound (an anaerobic environment) endospores will germinate and produce tetanus that will move around the body. -nerve: constant state of contraction |
Lock jaw - facial symptoms |
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Which genus does gas gangrene come from and what does it produce? |
Clostridium species Produces membrane disrupting toxins |
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Cholera is what type of toxin? Where does it survive? |
A-B Exotoxin Makes it way through/past the stomach and once it reaches the intestinal tract, it attaches to the lining. |
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What are the signs/symptoms from Cholera? |
Causes changes in the chemistry of the cells in intestinal tract, causing an osmotic imbalance. Movement of ions are disrupted. Water enters the lumen through osmosis and lose up to 3 -5 gals a day. |
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What are the 3 toxic protiens in anthrax? |
1.) Lethal factor (LF) 2.) Edema factor (EF) 3.) Protective antigen (PA) |
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The protective antigen (PA) in anthrax binds and forms what? This formation does what? |
Heptamer. This is where the edema factor (EF) and Leathal Factor (LF) bind. |
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What are some characteristics of Superantigen toxins? |
-provoke intense/abnormal immune response - causing symptoms - can lead to toxic shock |
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Staph food poisoning is a result of what kind of toxin? |
Superantigen toxins |
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True or false) You can find pathogenic genes throughout the genome. |
False, these genes are located next to each other in regions called pathogenicity islands. |
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True or false) Microbes can change to from non pathogens to pathogens. Explain. |
True, can be done through gene recombination or gene transfer. |
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