Exam 4 Part 2

Front 1

myosin filaments have __, which attach to the actin filaments and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere

Back 1

crossbridges

Front 2

on the onset of contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum does what

Back 2

releases calcium ions into the cytosol

Front 3

upon release of the calcoum ions on the onset of a contraction, calcium then binds to

Back 3

troponin, exposing mysoin binding sites

Front 4

myosin filament heads break down ... and then...

Back 4

atp and then attach to an actin filament forming cross bridges that pull the actin filament to the center of a sarcomere

Front 5

the contractio cycle repeats as the:

Back 5

myosin ATPase hydrolyzes ATP

Front 6

explain the length tension relationship

Back 6

the more myosin crossbridges that are pulling on the actin filaments, the greater the strength of the contraction

Front 7

what determines how much force can be generated

Back 7

the degree of overlap of actin and myosin

Front 8

the overlap is determined by the

Back 8

length of the muscle

Front 9

if the sarcomere is at a length which is overstretched..what happens to the muscle

Back 9

the muscle can produce no tension because there is no overlap of actin and myosin.

Front 10

more of the crossbridges are as the muscle/sarcomere is put at shorter lengths overlapping with actin binding sites until all of the crossbridges can bind and produce tension

Back 10

optima length

Front 11

muscles have 3 ways to produce ATP

Back 11

from creatine phosphate

anaerobic cellular respiration

aerobic cellular respiration

Front 12

while being relaxed, muscle fibers produce more atp than they need for resting metabolism. the excess atp is used to

Back 12

synthesize creatine phosphate

Front 13

an energy-rich molecule that is found only in muscle fibers

Back 13

creatine phosphate

Front 14

together, ___ and __ provide enogh energy for muscles to contract maximally

Back 14

creatine phosphate and atp

Front 15

maximal short bursts of activity

Back 15

creatine phosphate

Front 16

100 meter dash

Back 16

creatine phosphate

Front 17

if the muscle has sufficient oxygen to meet the ATP production demands..

Back 17

then glucose will be broken down for energy through glycolysis and aerobic respiration

Front 18

when the ATP demand exceeds the amount of ATP that the mitochondria can make with the available oxygen..

Back 18

atp is provided by anaerobic respiration

Front 19

the added oxygen, over and above the resting oxygen consumption, that is taken into the body after exercise

Back 19

oxygen debt

Front 20

controlling strength of muscle contraction..

by controlling the amount of

AND

by controlling the number of

Back 20

force prdocued by each individual muscle fiber

muscle fibers contracting at one time =# of motor units

Front 21

the process by which the number of active motor units increases is called

Back 21

motor unit recruitment

Front 22

a small amount of tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units

Back 22

muscle tone

Front 23

skeletal muscle contracts only after it is activated by:

Back 23

acetylcholine released by nerver impulses in its motor nuerons

Front 24

muscle tone is established by

Back 24

neurons in the brain and spinal cord the excite the muscle's motor nuerons

Front 25

muscle tone is important in smooth muscle tissues where the walls of the

Back 25

digestive organs maintain a steady pressure on their contents

Front 26

muscle tone plays a cruical role in

Back 26

maintaining blood pressure

Front 27

slow or fast twitch fibers


cross-country running

Back 27

slow twitch fibers

Front 28

slow or fast twitch fibers

aerobic

Back 28

slow

Front 29

slow or fast twitch fibers

steady power

Back 29

slow

Front 30

slow or fast twitch fibers

has endurance

Back 30

slow

Front 31

slow or fast twitch fibers

anaerobic

Back 31

fast

Front 32

slow or fast twitch fibers

explosive power

Back 32

fast

Front 33

slow or fast twitch fibers

fatigues easily

Back 33

fast

Front 34

slow or fast twitch fibers


weight lifting

Back 34

fast

Front 35

endurance training increases the number of

Back 35

capillaries in muscle

and increases the ability of muscle to generate ATP aerobically

Front 36

involuntary

Back 36

cardical muscle and smooth

Front 37

striated

Back 37

cardiac muscle, skeletal

Front 38

branchd fibers

Back 38

cardiac muscle

Front 39

intercalated disc

Back 39

cardiac muscle

Front 40

single nucleus

Back 40

cardiac muscle

Front 41

walls of organs

Back 41

smooth muscle

Front 42

skin

Back 42

smooth muscle

Front 43

walls of blood vessels

Back 43

smooth muscle

Front 44

involunatry

Back 44

smooth muscle and cardiac

Front 45

not straited

Back 45

smooth muscle

Front 46

___ contracts slowly but can remain contracted for a longer time

Back 46

smooth muscle

Front 47

when the smooth muscles of the intestine contracts..

Back 47

food moves along its lumen