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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Centriole
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a cylindrical cytoplasmic organelle located just outside the nucleus of animal cells and the cells of some lower plants; associated with the spindle during mitosis and meiosis
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Centromere
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specialized region of chromosome at which two sister chromatids are held together
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Chiasma (-ata)
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region of chromatid exchange (crossover; recombination) that is sometimes evident in tetrads during meiosis
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Chromatid
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a supercoiled DNA molecule visible with a light microscope
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Chromatin
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DNA-protein complex
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Chromosome (eukaryotic)
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an independent filamentous structure in the cell nucleus along which genes are located; due to the chromosomes' supercoiled state, they are readily visible with a light microscope during nuclear division; a chromosome may consist of 1 or 2 chromatids
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm of a cell
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Diploid
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condition in which chromosomes exist in the cell in homologous pairs; cell is 2n
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Gamete
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a sex cell (e.g. sperm or egg); haploid (1n); result of meiosis; two gametes fuse to form a new diploid individual
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Gene
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a section of a DNA molecule that is responsible for the expression of one particular trait (protein)
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Haploid
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condition in which the chromosomes of the cell are not paired, i.e. homologous pairs are not present. The haploid cell is the result of a diploid cell having undergone meiosis. The cell is 1n.
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Homologous chromosomes
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a pair of chromosomes in which each contains genes for the same traits (though they do not necessarily contain the same expression of these traits); e.g., both chromosomes could contain the gene for eye color, but one gene might be for blue eyes, the other for brown eyes.
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Meiosis
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reduction division, i.e. a series of 2 nuclear divisions in which the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of daughter cells is half that of the parent nucleus.
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Mitosis
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process of nuclear division in which complex movements of chromosomes along a spindle result in two new nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus; cells that are the product of mitosis are genetically identical
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Spindle
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a microtubular structure with which the chromosomes are associated in mitosis and meiosis
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Synapsis
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pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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Tetrad
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during meiosis the homologous chromosomes line up beside each other. Since each of the chromosomes has undergone DNA replication, it exists in duplicate (i.e., it is really 2 identical chromatids). Therefore there are 4 chromatids in the structure resulting from the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This structure is the tetrad. (tetra = 4)
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Zygote
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the cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes (2n)
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