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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some pros of categorizing psychiatric diagnoses?
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- aids in communication
- shorthand description - predictive implications - helps plan relevant treatments |
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What are some cons of categorizing psychiatric diagnoses?
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- tricks us into thinking we understand when we don't
- stigmatization - self-fulfilling prophecies |
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In the study of "Being Sane in Insane Places" what did the "sane" people do to get themselves admitted to the hospital?
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They complained of hearing "empty, dull, thud" which gave them the label of paranoid schizophrenia.
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What are the implications of the "Being Sane in Insane Places" study?
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- single symptoms are inadequate bases for diagnosis
- DSM created "diagnostic criteria" |
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What is included in Axis I?
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all mental disorders except for personality disorders and mental retardation
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What is included in Axis II?
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personality disorders and mental retardation
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What is included in Axis III?
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medical conditions
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What is included in Axis IV?
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description of stress; major life events
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What is included in Axis V?
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G.A.F. (global assessment of functioning)
-- work, family, social life |
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What is the purpose of the "Diathesis-Stress model?
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a general framework for explaining the causes of psychopathological conditions
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What does "etiology" mean?
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Causation
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What does diathesis refer to in the Diathesis-Stress Model?
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predisposing factors
(i.e. genetics, personality trait dispositions, early and prolonged stressors...) |
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What does stress refer to in the Diathesis-Stress Model?
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precipitating factors or "triggering factors"
(stressful major life events associated with the onset of psychopathological symptoms in adulthood) |
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Psychopathological symptoms are the product of what two things?
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1) predispositions (diathesis)
2) being actualized - precipitated - triggered (due to stress) |
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What four specifiers code for "severity" in regards to mood disorders?
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1) mild
2) moderate 3) severe without psychotic features 4) severe with psychotic features |
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What symptoms are typical of psychosis?
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Delusions and Hallucinations
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What are examples of mood-congruent delusions?
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- depressive delusions of utter worthlessness / repulsiveness
- manic delusions of grandeur, unlimited power, and influence |
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What shows a distinct period of abnormally and persistently ELEVATED, EXPANSIVE, and / or IRRITABLE mood (along with three other things from a list)?
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Manic Mood Episodes
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What factors distinguish hypomanic episodes from manic episodes?
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- marked impairment OR
- hospitalization necessary OR - psychotic features |
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What is a mixed episode?
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Alternation between mood states within an episode.
"rapid cycling" |
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What characterizes a major depressive episode?
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Profound, persistent period of depression that exists for two or more weeks as indicated by 5+ criterion from the list (depressed, weight loss/gain, insomnia, loss of energy, worthlessness, etc)
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What characterizes dysthymia?
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Chronic (2 years or more) "low grade" depression (doesn't meet criteria for "major depression" though is still very serious/debilitating) and 2+ other criterion (poor appetite, overeating, insomnia, low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness)
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What results in the diagnosis of Major Depression?
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- one or more "major depressive episodes"
- no history of mania or hypomania |
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What is cyclothymia?
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- hypomanic episodes + dysthymia
- 2 year duration |
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What is Bipolar I Disorder?
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Major Depression + History of Mania
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What is Bipolar II Disorder?
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Major Depression + Hypomanic Episodes
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What are the percentages for MZ concordance (bipolar, unipolar) and for DZ concordance (bipolar, unipolar)?
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MZ -- 72%, 40%
DZ -- 14%, 11% |
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What conclusions can be made from the data concerning MZ vs DZ (bipolar, unipolar)?
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- genetic predispositions are influential, but lack 100%, suggesting environmental contributions
- genetic dispositions are much more influential in bipolar than in unipolar |
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What research did KJ refer to in An Unquiet Mind that discussed "UBO's"?
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- Unidentified Bright Objects
- bright splotches on MRIs of bipolar patients - not sure what causes them |
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What percentage of people who experience three major life events in the past month became depressed compared to those who had none?
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24% of people with 3+
1% of people with 0 |
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What proportion of refugees in "Nightline" video had profound symptoms of depression?
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2/3
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How many major life events did the average refugee have in the "Nightline" video?
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15 major life events
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What does the psychoanalytic theory suggest as causation for mood disorders?
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Anger turned inwards: the punishing role of the harsh superego.
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What is the goal of the psychoanalytic theory in regards to helping mood disorders and what 3 things aid in this goal?
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Insight, make the unconscious conscious, expand the ego's control through
- free association - analysis of transference - dream analysis |
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How does the Behavioral Learning Theory explain mood problems?
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An insufficiency of contingencies of positive reinforcement (SR Model).
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What is the goal of the Behavioral Learning Theory in correcting issues with the mood?
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Change behavioral responses to increase reinforcement of non-depressed behavior.
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How does the Cognitive and Social Learning Theory explain moods?
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Emotions and moods are caused by cognitive processes (perception, thinking, cognitive appraisal, underlying reasoning processes, etc)
-- depression and depressive mood episodes result from irrational thinking, beliefs, and cognitions |
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What does Seligman's ABCDE model stand for?
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A - adversity
B - beliefs (about adversity) C - consequences D - disputation (self-critical; are my beliefs valid) E - energization (if successful, you'll feel better) |
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What three factors make lead to emotion in the Psychological Model of Emotion?
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- physiological processes
- expressive behavior - cognitive appraisal |
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What does Ellis's "Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy" or "REBT" believe?
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people are having "emotional consequences"; due to antecedent events, we have dysfunctional beliefs that lead to our depression
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Seligman's Cognitive Model targets what three dimensions of pessimistic explanatory style related to uncontrollability?
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- Permanence (bad events are permanent / persistent over time)
- Pervasiveness (this sucks and so does everything else) - Personalization (this is all my fault) |
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What three fundamental distortions in rational processing does Aron Beck's "Cognitive Triad" believe in?
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- Negative view of SELF
- Negative view of WORLD - Negative view of FUTURE |
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What are the three main "musts" of Ellis' musterbatory cognitive style?
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- I MUST do well
- you MUST be nice to me - the world MUST give me what I want |
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Who originally came up with the ABC(DE) model?
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Ellis (Seligman ripped him off)
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What percentage of efficacy does Psychotherapy have in reducing acute symptoms?
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60%
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What is the advantage of psychotherapy as opposed to medication?
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Teaches one how to reduce relapse (preventative measures)
PILLS don't give you SKILLS |
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What is the most effective treatment for serious major depression?
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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What percentage of people who receive ECT (electro convulsive therapy) are no longer depressed after 2 weeks?
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80%
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What is the drug of choice for Bipolar Disorder, and how effective is it?
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Lithium (carbonate)
80% positive response in manic patients (also reduces depressions) |
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Within 9 months, what are the relapse rates for medication alone and medication + therapy for bipolar disorder?
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61% relapse for meds alone
10% relapse for meds + therapy |
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What grouping (disorder) is characterized by disorders of perception, thought, and mood?
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Schizophrenia
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