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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
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Produces--
Growth Hormone (GH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Follice-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) |
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Ovary
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female
Produces-- Estrogens Progesterone |
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Testes
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male
Produces-- Androgens |
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Hypothalamus
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controls the anterior pituitary gland
Produces-- Inhibiting Hormones Releasing Hormones |
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
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nervous tissue that connects to the brain
Produces-- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin |
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Adrenal Medulla
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Produces--
Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
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Adrenal Cortex
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hormones provide long-term responses to stress
Produces-- Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids |
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Pancreas
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Islets of Langerhans
Produces-- Insulin (beta cells) Glucagon (alpha cells) |
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Parathyroids
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Produces--
Parathyroid Hormone |
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Thyroid
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Produces--
Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin |
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Pineal Gland
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regulates biological rhythms
Produces-- Melatonin |
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Thymus
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stimulates development of immune cells
Produces-- Thymosin |
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Oxytocin
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Produced in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
Peptide Regulated by: Nervous System Stimulates contraction of the uterus and mammary gland cells |
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Antidiuretic Hormone
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Produced in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
Peptide Regulated by: Water/Salt Balance Promotes retention of water by kidneys |
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Growth Hormone
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Produced by: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Protein Regulated by: Hypothalamic hormones Stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions |
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Produced by Anterior Pituitary
Protein Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones Stimulates milk production and secretion |
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Produced by Anterior Pituitary
Glycoprotein Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones Stimulates production of ova and sperm |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Produced by Anterior Pituitary
Glycoprotein Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones Stimulates ovaries and testes |
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Produced by Anterior Pituitary
glycoprotein Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones and Thyroxine in the blood Stimulates thyroid gland |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Produced by Anterior Pituitary
Peptide Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones and glucocorticoids Stimulates the Adreneal Cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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Trriodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
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Produced by Thyroid Gland
Amine Regulated by TSH Stimulate and maintain metabolic processes |
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Calcitonin
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Produced by Thyroid Gland
Peptide Regulated by Calcium in the blood Lowers Blood Calcium levels |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Produced by parathyroid glands
Peptide Regulated by Calcium in Blood Raises Blood Calcium levels |
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Insulin
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Produced by Pancreas
Protein Regulated by glucose in blood Lowers blood glucose |
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Glucagon
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Produced by Pancreas
Protein Regulated by glucose in blood Raises blood glucose |
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
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Produced by Adrenal medulla
Amine Regulated by the Nervous System Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels |
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Glucocorticoids
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Produced by Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Regulated by the ACTH Raise blood glucose level |
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Mineralocorticoids
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Produced by Adrenal Cortex
Steroid Regulated by the K in blood Promote reabsorption of Na and excretion of K in kidneys |
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Androgens
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Produced by Testes
Steroid Regulated by FSH & LH Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
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Estrogens
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Produced by Ovary
Steroid Regulated by FSH & LH Stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics |
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Progesterone
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Produced by Ovaries
Steroid Regulated by FSH & LH Promotes uterine lining growth |
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Melatonin
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Produced by Pineal Gland
Amine Regulated by Light/dark cycles Involved in biological rhythms |
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Humoral Response
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protein molecules and antibodies are found in circulation. They attack bacteria and viruses in the blood stream, lymphatic fluids, and interstitial body fluids of animals.
OUTSIDE THE CELLS |
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Cell-mediated Response
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effected by lymphocytes against viruses that become established within cells of the animal body and against other invaders like fungi and microscopic animals
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Types of Lymphocytes
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B Cells-
plasma & memory T Cells- helper & cytotoxic |
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T Cells
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bone marrow --> Thymus
do not make antibodies, make T cell receptors that react to viruses 1 alpha & 1 beta chain recognize antibiotic fragments located on MHCs located on cells outer surfaces. Cells have broken down an infected cell and displayed antigens on its own surface |
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B Cells
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bone marrow
make antibodies, which are secreted into bloodstream and react with antigens 2 light chains & 2 heavy chains recognize antibodies released from an infected cell or antibodies on the surface of a n infected cell |
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MHC
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perform antigen presentation-- take pieces of a broken down antigen and present it on the outer surface of the cell
Class I and II |
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Class I MHC
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found in almost all cells in the body
bind antigens that have been synthesized within the cell All cancerous or infected cells show these on their surface recognized by cytotoxic T cells |
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Class II MHC
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dendric cells, macrophages, and B cells
bind to fragments that have been internalized then broken down recognized by helper T cells |
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Importance of the Thymus in the Immune System
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T cells continue development there
B cells leave and continue to develop in the blood |
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Sequence of Events of an Activated helper T Cell
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Attaches to the MHC II (which is displaying antigens from a broken down infected cell) by the CD4 molecule---->the dendric cell secretes cytokines---->cytokines cause the T cell to clone itself---->the clones secrete cytokines to activated B cells and cytotoxic cells
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Sequence of Events of an Activated cytotoxic T Cell
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Attaches to the MHC I by CD8 and is activated by cytokines---->perforin molecules are released---->perforin targets the cell membrane where it releases proteolytic enzymes---->perforin puts holes in the membrance and the cell is destroyed---->released cytotoxic T cell moves on to the next infected cell
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Activating a B cell
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a helper T cell with an active antigen present binds to the B cell that has displays the same MHC antigens on it's surface
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Sequence of Events of an Activated B Cell
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cell proliferates and differentiates into memory cells and antibody-secreting plasma B cells
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5 classes of antibodies & structure
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IgM-pentamer
IgG-monomer IgA-dimer IgE-monomer IgD-monomer |
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IgM
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1st produced upon infection
Promotes agglutination and neutralization |
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IgG
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most abundant
only one to cross placenta to confer passive immunity opsonization, agglutination, and neutralization |
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IgA
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in secretions such as tears, mucus, saliva, and breast milk
breast milk confers passive immunity neutralization and agglutination of mucus membranes |
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IgE
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triggers release from mast cells and basophils of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reactions
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IgD
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Primarily present on naive B cells that have not been exposed to any antigens
acts as receptor to antigen-stimulated proliferation of B cells |
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4 actions of antibodies
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1) agglutination of antigen bearing particles to promote phagocytosis
2)Viral neutralization to block binding to a host and opsonization to promote phagocytosis 3)Precipitation of soluble antigens to promote phagocytosis 4)Activation of complement system then pore formation that leads to cell lysis |
