Acquired Immunity

Front 1

Define antigen. (Ag)

Back 1

A substance that causes the body to produce specific immune response. Typically foreign to the body.

Front 2

What are the four important features of immunity?

Back 2

aquired (A) - Requires exposure to antigen

specific (S) - Immune system recognizes and reacts with individual antigens

memory (M) - Faster and stronger immune response upon a subsequent exposure because initial exposure creates increase in antigens responding cells

tolerance (T) - Ability to Distinguish self from non self

Hint 2

S.M.A.T.

Front 3

True or false) Antigens are usually protein or polysaccharide in nature

Back 3

True, over 1000 molecular weight (mw)

Front 4

True ot false) lipids and nucleic acids make poor antigens

Back 4

True

Front 5

What are antigenic determinants or epitopes?

Back 5

Are the specific sites on antigen that immune system recognizes and responds to.

Front 6

Haptens are:

Back 6

Small molecules that attach to larger ones and act as antigenic determinant

Front 7

Describe humoral immunity:

Back 7

Antibody production from B Lymphocytes that protects against extracellular bacteria, toxins, viruses

Front 8

What type of immunity contain cytotoxic T cells (T lymphocyte) and secreted cytokines (chemical messengers)?

Back 8

Cell-mediated immunity

Front 9

What does cell-mediated immunity protect against?

Back 9

Virus infected cells, intracellular pathogens, fungi and protozoa

Front 10

Adaptive immunity is aquired ____________ & _____________.

Back 10

Naturally & artificially

Front 11

Artificially and Naturally aquired immunity can be _________ or __________.

Back 11

Active or passive

Front 12

"Antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes" is an example of what type of adaptive immunity?

Back 12

Active - naturally acquired immunity

Front 13

"Performed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection" is an example of what kind of adaptive immunity?

Back 13

Passive - artificially aquired immunity

Front 14

"Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes" is an example of what kind of adaptive immunity?

Back 14

Active - artificially aquired, immunity

Front 15

" Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via mother's milk" is an example of what kind of adaptive immunity?

Back 15

Passive - Naturally acquired immunity

Front 16

What is another name for antibody?

Back 16

Immunoglobulins

Front 17

Name some antibodies?

Back 17

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Front 18

Describe antigen binding sites.

Back 18

- Variable and constant regions

- Complementary to and to antigenic determinants (epitopes)

Front 19

True or false) antibodies are polyspecific and bivalent

Back 19

False, monospecific and bivalent

Front 20

What are heavy chains in antibodies?

Back 20

The longer, inner chain, contains Fc regions

Front 21

What does it mean to be bivalent?

Back 21

Can attach to 2 different copies of the same epitope of the antigen.

Front 22

What helps to define the class of the antibody?

Back 22

The tail region of the antibody, the FC region

Front 23

What protection can occur during Ab - Ag binding?

Back 23

- Blocks from reaching/binding to its target cell

-induce opsonization

-death of pathogen

Hint 23

antibody(Ab)

antigen(Ag)

Front 24

When antibodies cause clumping of bacteria.

Back 24

Agglutination

Front 25

What does Agglutination prevent?

Back 25

-prevents bacteria from successfully reproducing

- bacteria mobility impaired to reach target cells

-reduces # of infectious units

Hint 25

3 key points

Front 26

Some antibodies have _______ in their Fc region that have receptors on ________cells. This increase the ability of which cell to do what?

Back 26

Tails

Phagocytic

WBC

to attach and engulf antigen

Front 27

What is neutralization?

Back 27

The antibodies' ability to block adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa. Blocks attachment of toxins.

Front 28

True or false) ADCC is a process that can kill large groups of organisms. Explain.

What does ADCC stand for?

Back 28

False, usually happens when targeting larger parasites that are too large to be engulfed by phagocytes

"Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity"

Front 29

Antibodies attach a large target cell, causing destruction by macrophages, eo, and eosinophils

Back 29

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Front 30

What's the most common antigen? What percentage? Half-life?

Back 30

IgG - Immunoglobulin G

Makes up 80% of antibodies

23 days

Front 31

What is IgA known for? What percent?

Back 31

It is the primary antibody that is found on mucosal surfaces.

Makes up 10-15% of antibodies

Front 32

What antibodies can fix complement?

Back 32

IgG and IgM

Front 33

Which antibodies are monomers?

Back 33

IgG, IgD, IgE

Front 34

Which antigen is a Pentamer? What makes it special? What percentage?

Back 34

IgM

First antibody produced from initial exposure to antigen (1st exposure)

Makes up 5-10% of antibodies

Front 35

What does it mean when IgM levels are higher than IgG levels?

Back 35

There is a new, first time infection

Front 36

True or false) IgG and IgM can fix complement which means they can pass through the placenta.

Back 36

False, IgM is too large to pass through the placenta.

Front 37

Which cells are primarily responsible for the production of antibodies?

Back 37

B Lymphocyte

Front 38

What happens after a B Lymphocyte is activated?

Back 38

- start to reproduce

- differentiate into 2 types of cells

1.) Antibody-producing plasma cells

2.) Memory cells

Front 39

What is BCR?

Back 39

B cell receptor - receptor for B Lymphocytes

Front 40

True or false) There are various types BCRs on B cells.

Back 40

False, BCRs are a single type of receptor on B cells that are capable of recognizing billions of different antigenic determinants

Hint 40

B cell receptor

Front 41

Describe clonal selection.

Back 41

Activation of a specific B Cell results in increase in the population of that same B cell (clone) to eliminate specific antigen

Front 42

What can happen when BCR are crosslinked?

Back 42

Activation of B cell, cross linkage happens when multiple copies have attached to the same type of epitope

Hint 42

T - independent antigens

Front 43

True or false) T-independent antigens are proteins

Back 43

False, they are polysaccharides.

Hint 43

Front 44

What is required for T-dependent antigens to activate B cells?

Back 44

1.) antigen-presenting cell (APC), in association with MHCII, degrade antigens and present fragments to TH cell by APC. This activates TH cell.

2.) TH cell activates the appropriate B cell

Hint 44

Requires 2 signals

Front 45

These cells engulf and degrade antigens into fragments which are then presented to another cell to activate appropriate B cell.

Back 45

Antigen-presenting cells

Hint 45

TH cells activate appropriate B cell

Front 46

True or false) Fragments of an antigen can be considered epitopes

Back 46

True

Front 47

What is the role of MHC-2?

Back 47

Combined with epitope fragments, it notifies T helper cells that foreign material is present

Front 48

Where can you find APCs?

Back 48

Lining of tracts and portals of entry

Hint 48

Antigen- Presenting cells

Front 49

True or false) All T lymphocytes have T-cells receptors. Looks like and antibody embedded in the cell membrane.

Back 49

Second statement make it false.

Front 50

CD4+ cells are also called ___________. Why "CD4+"?

Back 50

TH cells, T helper cells

They have a CD4 proteins that serve as markers on their surface.

Front 51

These receptors recognize specific epitope when associated with MHC II protien complex on APC.

Back 51

T cell receptors

Front 52

Activated TH cells produce specific cytokines called:

Back 52

Interleukins

Front 53

Interleukins are specific __________.

Back 53

cytokines

Front 54

T helper cells differentiate into:

Back 54

TH 1 - Activate cells related to cellular immunity

TH 2 - Activate to humoral immunity

TH 17 - proinflamatory response

Memory T-helper cells

Front 55

These make up the majority of cells produced during B cell proliferation

Back 55

Plasma cells

Front 56

Each _________ cell secretes only one type of antibody molecule for a specific antigenic determinant. They also die within a few days of activation.

Back 56

Plasma cells

Front 57

True or false) Memory cells are short-lived cells

Back 57

False

Front 58

True are false) Memory cells don't secrete antibodies

Back 58

True

Front 59

____________ are clones of the origin type of B cell. Their receptors are for the same antigenic determinant that triggered initial production.

Back 59

Memory cells

Front 60

What does cell-mediated immunity (CMI) result in?

Back 60

Activate:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that destroys abnormal host cells

Secretion of cytokines by T H1 cell

-cytokines activate macrophages

Front 61

In cell mediated immunity (CMI) the activation of macrophages are an important response to:

Back 61

Fungi and protozoa

Front 62

CTL have __________ that recognize epitope on cell surface when presented with ___________.

Back 62

TCR - T cell receptors

MHC1

Hint 62

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Front 63

True or false) MHC class 1 and 2 are polysaccharides

Back 63

False, they are protiens

Front 64

Describe MHC class 1.

Back 64

-Protien on all nucleated cells (including APC)

-Presents fragments of proteins synthesized in cell (look what I made)

Front 65

Describe MHC2.

Back 65

-Protien only on APC

-presents fragments of proteins ingested and degraded by cell (look what I made)

Hint 65

APC

Front 66

CD8+ are also knowns as __________.

Back 66

Tc cells

Front 67

The effector cell for Cell-Mediated immunity.

Back 67

CD8+ or Tc cells.

Front 68

CD4+ cells are known to be attacked by which virus?

Back 68

HIV

Front 69

CD8+ or Tc cells activate into ___________.

Back 69

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Front 70

In cell mediated immunity, after actived, these cells recognize fragmented epitope presented by ___________ proteins.

Back 70

CTLs - cytotoxic T lymphocytes

MHC1

Front 71

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes release ___________ & ____________ that induce ____________ in target cell.

Back 71

Perforin & granzymes

apoptosis

Front 72

What are some examples of antigen presenting cells (APC) listed from the ppt?

Back 72

Macrophages and dendritic cells