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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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When 2 pink-flowered plants were crossed, what do the offspring look like? |
1:2:1 ratio of red to pink to white |
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What is 2 same allele at specific locus called? |
Homozygous |
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What is 2 different alleles at a specific locus called? |
Heterozygous |
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The inherited disease cystic fibrosis has several phenotypes, but is caused by a single gene with 2 alleles. Which term describes this? |
Pleiotrophy |
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Many disease have BOTH a genetic and environmental cause to them. The lifestyle you lead will impact the diseases you develop. |
True |
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If Mendel crossed a plant that was heterozygous for the purple/white flower color gene with true-breeding white flowered plant, the offspring would look like? |
1:1 ratio purple to white |
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I have an unknown genotype and perform a test cross. The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is 1:1. The unknown genotype must be? |
Heterozygous |
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Someone who doesn't have the symptoms of cystic fibrosis and is not a carrier of the recessive allele has offspring with a carrier of cystic fibrosis allele but does not have symptoms. What is the probability they will have offspring who is a carrier of the recessive allele but has no symptoms? |
50% |
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Each allele for a gene has the same locus on the same homologous pair of chromosomes? |
True |
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A mutation in the gene responsible for producing enzyme B would mean the fungus could still produce which metabolite? |
Ornithine |
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Wild-type normal Neurospora crassa can produce all enzymes needed to produce all of its amino acids from minimal media? |
True |
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RNA stands for what exactly? |
Ribonucleic acid |
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Use the table to determine which amino acid corresponds to the following mRNA codon: 5' CAU 3' |
His |
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mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus? |
True |
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The most current idea of the relationship between genes and protein is what? |
One gene-one polypeptide |
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Why did Beadle and Tatum expose the bread mold to x-rays? |
To cause mutation in genes |
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mRNA is synthesized in the__________and moves out to a___________. |
Nucleus|ribosome |
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tRNAs have which of following (assume it's a tRNA about to enter a ribosome). |
√ anticodon √ amino acid |
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RNA is single stranded, whereas DNA is double standed. |
True |
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Eukaryotic ribosomes have which subunits? |
√ 40s-small subunit √ 60s-large subunit |
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Use the table to determine the amino acid sequence of the following mRNA sequence: 5' UAUCCGGAC 3' |
Tyr-Pro-Asp |
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How does the mRNA move through the ribosome? |
Moves codon by codon-1 codon at a time |
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RNA polymerase can perform all the the following functions EXCEPT: •seperate the DNA strands •join nucleotides together to form pre-mRNA •separate RNA strands •synthesize new DNA |
✓ separate the DNA strands ✓ synthesize new DNA |
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RNA has the pentose sugar ribose sugar whereas DNA has deoxyribose sugar |
True |
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Pre-mRNA is modified before it leaves the nucleus and can be translated. |
True |
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Arginine is what kind of molecule or substance? |
Amino acid |
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The sequence of a gene is used to determine what? |
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide |
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When alleles at a locus are different, what term best describes this? |
Heterozygous |
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If both alleles at a locus are the same, what term describes this? |
Homozygous |
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When Mendel crossed true breeding flowered plants with true breeding white flower plants, 100% of the F1s were purple flowered. What best describes and explains the results? |
Dominance and recessive alleles-purple allele is dominant and white is recessive. |
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Which term describes when both alleles at a locus are different? |
Heterozygous |
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Flower color in pea plants is ________and purple and white flowers are the _________. |
Character|traits |
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When Mohan and Begum matted and had Cubs, all cubes were what coat colors? |
All orange coated |
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The recessive cystic fibrosis gene produces a defective chloride ion transport protein? |
True |
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PKU is an inherited genetic disease. Individuals with PKU are unable to eliminate both aspartic acid and phenylalanine? |
False-just phenylalanine |
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I have an unknown genotype and perform a test cross. The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is 4:0. The unknown genotype must me? |
Homozygous dominant |
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Which term best describes true breeding? |
Homozygous |
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Many diet drinks have a warning on the container if they contain aspartame sweetner? |
True |
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Who first documented/reported the particulate model of inheritance? |
Mendel |
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The law of segregation applies to non Mendelian traits? |
False- |
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Dominant alleles are always the stronger phenotype-bigger, taller, darker, and seldom the weaker phenotype. |
False |
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When true-breeding red flower colored plants were crossed with true breeding white flowered plants, the offspring were all pink. How is this explained? |
Incomplete dominance |
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Use the table above to determine the amino acid sequence of the following mRNA sequence: 5'GGACCCUUU 3' |
Gly-Pro-Phe |
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The sequence of a gene is used to determine what? |
The sequence of amino acids in polypeptide. |
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Which of the following correctly orders the following processes of protein synthesis? |
Transcription mRNA Processing Translation |
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What is the name of the process that produces mRNA (more accurately pre-mRNA) from genetic code in a gene. |
Transcription |
Write only one that's begins with T |
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What process would be directly affected if a drug irreversibly covalently bonded to the P site of the ribosome? |
Translation |
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RNA has nitrogen base thymine whereas DNA has uracil? |
False |
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Why did Beadle and Tatums hypothesis that one gene codes for one enzyme need to be modified and broadened? |
Because not all proteins are enzymes |
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When does the polypeptide chain begin to fold? |
As soon as it begins to leave the exit tunnel of the ribosome |
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The exit tunnel on a ribosome allows what? |
The growning polypeptide chain to exit the ribosome |
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The "r" in rRNA stand for what? |
Ribosomal |
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The genetic information, that is the information used to produce proteins, is essentially what? |
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene |
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DNA is a polymer composed of what? |
Nucleotides |
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Which is the non-pathogentic strain Griffith worked with? |
R Strain |
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Have we been able to pull the gene for an insecticidal protein from a bacterium and put the gene into cotton so cotton makes the insecticidal protein? |
True |
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What does DNA stand for? |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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What can lengthen telomers and pressumably help slow again? |
Exercise |
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Who's experiment conclusively showed that DNA was the genetic material of T2 phase? |
Hershey & Chase |
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The backbone of the DNA strand is composed of what? |
Sugars and phosphates |
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DNA polymerase moves in which direction on the lagging strand? |
Opposite direction to helicase |
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Name the bond at arrow E. |
Hydrogen |
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Each replication bubble will have how many replication forks? |
2 |
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One role of telomers is |
So that cells can't divide indefinitely so it's to protect against cells turning cancerous. |
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The lagging strand is produced in short segments called? |
Okazaki fragments |
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If a species has 16.5% adenine nucleotides, what percent cystosine nucleotides does it have? |
33.5 |
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How did Griffiths explain his result where he found live S strain cells after injecting dead S strain with live R strain cells? |
The live R strain cells were transformed by some molecule from dead S strain cells. |
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The T2 phase used DNA as it's genetic material. |
True |
True or False |
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A nucleotide of DNA is made up of what? |
✓ one of A, T C or G ✓ phosphate group ✓ deoxyribose sugar |
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Write down the name of nitrogen base that C stands for |
Cystosine |
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DNA replication begins at |
Origins of replication |
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The difference in chemical composition between nucleic acids and proteins that Hershey and Chase made use of its what? |
DNA contains phosphorus and no sulpher protein contain sulphur and no phosphorus. |
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When heat killed S strain cell we're injected into mice with live R strain cells, what did Griffith discover? |
Dead mice with live S strain cells |
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What are molecules in green? |
A and T nitrogen bases |
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Who produced the X-ray cystallography image of DNA? |
Franklin |
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Telomers are known to get prematurely shorter in response to what? |
Stress |
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Write the name of the enzyme which can join nucleotides together and only add to the 3' end of an existing strand of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) in DNA replication. |
DNA polymerase |
Write 2 words |
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Why was the S strain Griffiths worked with the pathogenic strain? |
It has a capsule as part of its cell wall which makes it resistant to the host immune system. |
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What is the "blending" hypothesis? |
Genetic material from the two parents blends together |
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What is the "particulate" hypothesis? |
The idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units |
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What is a Character? |
Heritable feature that varies amount individuals (such as flower color) |
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What is a trait? |
Variant for a character. |
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Why were Pea Plants an EXCELLENT study system? |
1. Short Generation time 2. Large number of offspring 3. Mating could be controlled 4. Many characters |
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What is a true breeding plant? |
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate. |
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What is hybridization? |
Mating two contrasting, true breeding varieties. |
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What is a allele? |
Alternative version of a gene |
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For each character, an organism inherits how many alleles from each parents. |
2 alleles, one from each parent |
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What is the law of segregation? |
2 alleles for a heritable character separate during a gamate formation and end up in different gamates. |
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Names some human traits determined by single genes. |
Baldness Polydactyl Cystic Fibrosis Clubbed Fingers Haemophilia Color blindess |
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What is a phenotype? |
Physical appears of traits, visible with the eye |
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What is a genotype? |
The alleles carried for a gene |
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What is a dominant allele? |
An allele, when present, will determine the organisms phenotype. |
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What is a recessive allele? |
An allele, when present, will ONLY determine the phenotype when paired with another recessive allele. |
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How do you determine the genotype of an unknown? |
Carry out a testcross |
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If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be? |
Heterozygous |
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When does inheritance of characters by a single gene deviate from Mendelian patterns? |
1. Alleles are not completely dominant or recessive 2. Gene has more than 2 alleles 3. Gene produces mutiple phenotypes |
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What is codominance? |
Allele does not mask another, when 2 different alleles are present BOTH phenotypes are present. |
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What is pleiotropy? |
One gene affects many phenotypes |
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What is polygenic inheritance? |
Quantitative inheritance |
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What is a disease caused by a dominant and allele disorder? |
Achondroplasia |
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What is gene expression? |
The process where DNA directs protein synthesis. |
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What is a haploid? |
Single copy of each gene |
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What is the name of the bread mold Beadle and Tatum worked with? |
Neurospora crassa |
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What is transcription? |
Synthesis of mRNA using information in DNA (a gene) |
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What does RNA polymerase do? |
Separates the two DNA strands and rejoins DNA strands. |
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What 3 phases does Transcription occur? |
Initiation Elongated Termination |
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What is RNA splicing? |
When Pre-mRNA undergoes splicing |
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What are introns? |
Non coding sections of DNA in Eukaryotic genes |
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What 3 sites do ribosomes have? |
E P A |
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How many amino acids are there? |
20 |
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Amino acids often have more than one codon? |
True |
T or F |
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What is Smooth Strain? |
Pathogenic-causes Pneumonia, has outer capsule that thwarts immune system |
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What is Rough Strain? |
Harmles-no capsule so host immune system can kill bacteria. |
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What is Transformation? |
Change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA |
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What are bacteriophages? |
Viruses that infect bacteria |
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What is a virus composed of? |
DNA enclosed by a protective coat |
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DNA molecule was made up of what? |
Two strands, forming a double helix |
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DNA is a polymer of how many different nucleotides? |
4 |
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A nucleotide is made up of? |
Sugar-deoxyribose Phosphate group One of 4 nitrogens |
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases? |
Adenine Cystosine Thymine Guanine |
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What is antiparallel? |
Opposite direction |
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What is origin of replication? |
Where 2 DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication "bubble" |
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Which direction does replication proceed in from each origin until the entire molecule is copied? |
Both directions |
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What does a helicase do? |
Separates the strands, to relieve tension |
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What are telomers? |
Lenths of DNA that don't code proteins. They post pone the erosion of genes |
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Shortening of telomers is related to what? |
Aging |
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What is telomerase? |
Lengthen telomers to combat premature erosion. |
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Stress can reduce telomers length? |
True |
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