Digestion Exam 4

Front 1

Accessory organs that contribute to digestion

Back 1

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

Front 2

ingestion-

Back 2

input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth

Front 3

The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the intestinal fluid of the digestive tract is called

Back 3

absorption

Front 4

The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called

Back 4

secretion

Front 5

Mucosal epithelium

Back 5

(epithelial surface moistened by glandular secretions)

Front 6

lamina propria

Back 6

(layer of the digestive tract, which underlies the mucosal epithelium and consists of areolar connective tissue)

Front 7

Stratified squamous cells found in

Back 7

high physical stress organs (ex: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus) rest is simple columnar with surface modifications

Front 8

Submucosa

Back 8

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 9

Muscularis externa contains nerves referred to as the

Back 9

myenteric plexus

Front 10

contraction of the ............ layers of the intestinal wall functions to both agitate materials and propel them along the digestive tract

Back 10

muscularis externa

Front 11

........... cells in smooth muscle trigger contraction

Back 11

pacesetter

Front 12

first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is the

Back 12

oral cavity

Front 13

The digestion of .......... and .......begins in the oral cavity

Back 13

carbohydrates and lipids

Front 14

Labia, vestibule

Back 14

(space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth )

Front 15

roof of the oral cavity is formed by the

Back 15

hard and soft palates

Front 16

helps with sensory analysis of food

Back 16

Tongue

Front 17

While eating, pH rises from

Back 17

6.7 to 7.5

Front 18

salivary glands that produce secretions rich in salivary amylase

Back 18

parotid- lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible;

Front 19

functions to digest carbohydrates

Back 19

Salivary amylase

Front 20

chewing is called

Back 20

mastication

Front 21

(contains a crystalline form of calcium phosphate and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance )

Back 21

tooth enamel

Front 22

bulk of a tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

Back 22

dentin

Front 23

tooth enamel contains a crystalline form of ..........

Back 23

calcium phosphate

Front 24

The root of a tooth is anchored by

Back 24

periodontal ligaments with cementum

Front 25

covers the dentin, providing protection and finally anchoring the periodontal ligament

Back 25

cementum

Front 26

used for chipping and cutting

Back 26

incisors

Front 27

conical teeth used for tearing or slashing

Back 27

cuspids (canines)

Front 28

teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding, crushing, and mashing

Back 28

molars

Front 29

The first set of teeth to appear are the

Back 29

deciduous teeth; 20

Front 30

secondary dentition results in a permanent tooth count of

Back 30

32

Front 31

esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the

Back 31

esophageal hiatus

Front 32

The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of ......... muscle, the middle third portion is a mixture of .......muscles, and the lower third consists of .......muscle

Back 32

skeletal.....skeletal and smooth .......smooth

Front 33

begins with compression of the bolus against the hard palate

Back 33

Buccal phase

Front 34

second phase of the swallowing process, beginning when the bolus comes into contact with the palatal arches

Back 34

Pharyngeal phase

Front 35

major layer of the stomach contains an extra layer that adds strength and assists in the formation of chyme is the

Back 35

muscularis externa

Front 36

esophagus connects to the smallest part of the stomach, which is the

Back 36

cardia

Front 37

portion of the stomach superior to the cardia

Back 37

fundus-

Front 38

largest area of the stomach

Back 38

body-

Front 39

-n the fundus and body of the stomach, gastric glands extend deep into the

Back 39

lamina propria and gastric juice

Front 40

parietal cells- secrete

Back 40

intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

Front 41

aids the absorption of vitamin B12 across the intestinal lining

Back 41

intrinsic factor

Front 42

Hydrochloric acid keeps the stomach contents at a pH of

Back 42

1.5 - 2.0

Front 43

neural output to the stomach proceeds by way of the

Back 43

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Front 44

begins when chyme enters small intestine

Back 44

intestinal phase

Front 45

...... phase begins with the arrival of food in the stomach

Back 45

gastric phase

Front 46

........stimulates stomach contractions;

Back 46

gastrin

Front 47

gastrin causes increases in the secretion of

Back 47

chief cells and parietal cells;

Front 48

potent stimulators of gastrin

Back 48

proteins, small doses of alcohol, and

caffeine

Front 49

portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach

Back 49

Duodenum

Front 50

In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete an

Back 50

alkaline mucus

Front 51

portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Back 51

Jejunum

Front 52

longest portion of the small intestine

Back 52

Ileum

Front 53

lacteals are found in the .........

Back 53

small intestinal villi

Front 54

released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach

Back 54

Secretin

Front 55

increases the rate of bile secretion by the liver

Back 55

Secretin

Front 56

stimulated by the presence of lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum

Back 56

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Front 57

released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine

Back 57

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)-

Front 58

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)- targets the ........ and stimulates the release of ........ by the islets

Back 58

pancreas.....insulin

Front 59

Pancreatic enzymes and buffers are secreted by

Back 59

acinar cells

Front 60

enzymes from the ......... do most of the digestive work in the small intestine

Back 60

pancreas

Front 61

........ duct penetrates the duodenal wall with the common bile duct

Back 61

pancreatic

Front 62

trypsin is a protease produced by the .......

Back 62

pancreas

Front 63

pancreatic digestive enzymes that digest starches are

Back 63

carbohydrases

Front 64

Liver typically composed of .....lobes

Back 64

4

Front 65

the .........ligament marks the division between the left and right lobes of the liver

Back 65

falciform

Front 66

....... are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular, one-cell-thick plates radiating outward

Back 66

hepatocytes

Front 67

antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response

Back 67

Kupffer cells

Front 68

primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood is

Back 68

liver

Front 69

structures of liver lobules ultimately merge to form the

Back 69

hepatic veins

Front 70

bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called

Back 70

emulsification

Front 71

bile is produced in the

Back 71

liver

Front 72

decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with

Back 72

fat digestion and absorption

Front 73

bile is stored in the

Back 73

gallbladder

Front 74

Large Intestine Functions

Back 74

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces

Front 75

water-soluble vitamin that is important in glucose metabolism

Back 75

biotin

Front 76

vitamin needed for blood clotting

Back 76

vitamin K

Front 77

During the defecation reflex, the stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate

Back 77

parasympathetic motor neurons

Front 78

Major regions of the large intestine include the

Back 78

cecum, colon, and rectum

Front 79

three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon

Back 79

taeniae coli

Front 80

A change in the digestive system that occurs with advancing age

Back 80

decline in epithelial stem cell division