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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attitude |
- Evaluation of a concept, event, or a person - Different than values and personality 1. Affection - feelings 2. Behavioural - intentions or belief about behaviour 3. Cognitive - thoughts |
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Do attitudes predict behaviour |
Can when - Social influence is removed - Averaging behaviours over time and contexts - Attitude is specific - Person is consciously thinking about attitude |
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Persuasion |
- Changing a persons attitude or behaviour 1. Central route - strong, high quality arguments. More lasting. Better for high involvement 2. Peripheral route - using more arguments, talking louder or faster, being more attractive, not as long lasting. Better for low involvement |
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Actions affect attitudes |
- Role playing - people can change based on how they act - Posing in confident positions - lower cortisol, higher risk taking and testosterone - Saying or doing can lead to believing |
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Attitudes and behaviours affect each other |
- Cognitive dissonance - two competing beliefs, have to change either behaviour or beliefs - Impression management - appearing good means appearing consistent - Self perception - observe our own behaviour to understand who we are |
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Conformity |
- Change behaviour due to group norms or authority 1. Normative influence - good thing to do because other people are doing it 2. Information influence - didn't know the right way to do something until see other people doing it Bred by group size, unanimity, cohesion, status of members Individual - personality, cultural background, no prior commitment, public behaviour |
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Minority influence |
- Minority has influence when they're consistent - Almost as effective as an inconsistent majority |
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Obedience |
Conforming to the request of authority |
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Fundamental attribution error |
Much less likely to understand the power of the situation when seeing other peoples behaviour |
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Persuasion strategies |
Foot in the door - asking someone to do a small thing before asking them to do the big thing you really wanted Door in the face - start off with something way bigger, cut it down to something more realistic |
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Effects of group influence |
- Social facilitation - presence of other improves performance when good at task, decreases when not so good at task - Social loafing - people in group put in less effort - Deindividualization - people in group engage in more extreme behaviour - Group polarization - opinions of group members become extreme - Group think - poor group decisions because group members don't speak up |
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Prejudice |
Unjustifiable attitude towards a group or member. Stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, discriminatory actions |
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Stereotype |
Generalized belief about a group |
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Reasons for prejudice |
- Social/economic inequalities - people who "have" develop attitudes to justify the way things are - Emotions - scapegoat theory: finding someone to blame when things go wrong - Cognitive processing - simplify the world. Categorization, vivid cases, just world phenomenon |
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Group bound species |
We have an "us vs them" mentality. Us = "ingroup, them = "outgroup" |
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Other race effect |
- Effect of categorization - Able to recognize faces of ones own race better then those not of ones own race |
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Vivid cases |
Judge frequency of events by events that come to mind most readily |
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Just world phenomenon |
- Good is rewarded and evil is punished - Those who are suffering must be suffering because they are bad |
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Aggression |
Physical or verbal behaviour intended to hurt or destroy |
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Aggression: genetic factors |
- Animals are bred for aggression - If one identical twin more aggressive than average, other twin likely to be so as well - Y chromosome |
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Aggression: Brain |
- No one brain region responsible - Frontal lobe inhibits aggression, damage to causes more aggression |
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Aggression: biochemical influences |
Hormones, alcohol and other substances increase aggression |
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Aggression: physiological factors |
- Aversive events increase aggression - Frustration aggression principle frustration creates anger which leads to aggression - Aversive stimuli: hot weather, bad smell, uncomfortable, ect |
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Aggression: learned |
More likely to be aggressive if experience has taught us that aggression pays |
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Video games and violence |
- Lab aggression vs real world aggression - Retrospective vs prospective - Increase aggressive thoughts |
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Attraction: proximety |
- Mere exposure effect: familiarity breeds liking - Evolutionary: people you know less likely to be a threat |
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Attraction: physical |
- Attractiveness has profound effect on perceptions - Halo effect - attractive people perceived to be better - Women: mature, dominant, affluent - Men: young and healthy looking - Both: average features, symmetry |
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Similarity |
- Dissimilar = dislike - Knowing someone likes you makes you more likely to like them back - Reward theory: like someone more when the relationship offers more rewards than costs |
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Romantic love |
- Passionate: based primarily on physiological arousal. Schacters 2 factor theory - Companionate: Based on deep affectionate attachment. Equity - people who give equally to the relationship. Self disclosure |
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Successful relationships |
John Gottman - Four housemen of unsuccessful relationships 1. Criticisms: attacking character instead of behaviour 2. Contempt: Lowering self esteem through insults and body language 3. Defensiveness: warding off attack by attacking first or playing the victim 4. Stonewalling: withdrawing instead of dealing with the problem |
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Altruism: bystander intervention |
- Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others - Bystander effect: more people around = less likely to help. Diffusion of responsibility - Noticing, interpreting, assuming responsibility |
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Norms |
- Can be learned through socialization - reciprocity norm - have to help others after they've helped you - Social responsibility norm - it's the right thing to do - Social exchange theory - social behaviour is an exchange process. Maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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Conflict and peacemaking |
- Social traps: following self interest hinders collective - Common dilemmas: Everybody takes their maximum of something free then everybody suffers - Them as enemy - self fulfilling prophesy - Computer simulated cooperation - tit for tat |
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Contact and cooperation |
- Contact between groups reduces prejudice. Indirect contact does as well - Contact isn't always enough - Pluralistic ignorance: don't want to see someone because you think they don't want to see you. They think the same thing - Cooperation and superordinate goals are key: working together |
