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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plasma Cells
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> Specific
> Antibody Factories > Produce the majority of antibodies |
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Memory Cells
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> Specific
> Subclass of B-Lymphocytes > Don't produce antibodies |
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Killer T-Cells
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> Specific
> Also known as Cytotoxic cells > Attacks cells of the body infected by viruses and bacteria |
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Helper T-Cells
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> Specific
> Stimulates B-Lymphocytes and Killer T-Cells |
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Regulatory T-Cells
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> Specific
> Negative effect on action of Killer T-Cells > Maintenance of immunological tolerance |
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Natural Killer Cells
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> Non-Specific
> Binds to cells without stimulation of antigens |
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Complement Proteins
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> Non-Specific
> Antigen/Antibody bonding causes activated |
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T-Lymphoctyes
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Functions in cell-mediated immunity
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B-Lymphocytes
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Replicate to form Plasma and Memory cells
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Non-Specific
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Endogenous pyrogens
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Specific
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Antigen/Antibody interaction
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Specific
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Killer T-Cells
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Non-Specific
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Interferons
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Non-Specific
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Phagocytosis
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Innate
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Non-Specific defense
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Adaptive
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antigen- specific immune response
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Passive Immunity
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Antibodies from another person
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Active Immunity
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Induced in the host itself by antigen that sometimes last a lifetime
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Elasticity
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The tendency of the lungs to recoil to their original shape
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Compliance
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The ability of the lungs to stretch
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Boyle's
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The law that states the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
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Diaphragm
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The primary muscle involved in tidal respiration
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Alkalosis
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Hyperventilation can lead to what type of pH?
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Hemoglobin
Myoglobin |
Name two proteins that bind to O2
> One is found in RBC and the other is found in muscle |
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HCO3`
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Most CO2 is transported in the blood as what molecule/ion?
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Residual Volume
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Volume in the lungs after max expiration
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Inspiratory reserve volume
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Amount that can be inhaled after tidal inhale
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Expiratory reserve volume
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Amount that can be exhaled after tidal exhale
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Tidal volume
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Amount of air inspired or expired during quiet breathing
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Vital capacity
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Max amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration
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Total lung capacity
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Total amount of air in lungs after maximum inhale
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Surface tension
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The fact that H2O molecules want to stay together and will resist being pulled apart
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Pulmonary surfactant
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A surface active phospholipoprotein formed by type 2 alveolar cells
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Henry's law
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> Solubility
> Temperature > Partial pressure of Gas |
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Obstructive disorders
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measure the rate of expiration using tests that measures the % of vital capacity that can be exhaled
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COPDs
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> Diseases that obstruct ventilation.
> Can be determined by FEV test > Asthma and Emphysema |
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Restrictive Disorders
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Diseases that cause damage to the lung tissue
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Inhalation
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> Any movement that increase the area within the thoracic cavity
> Will cause ambient air to rush into lungs > Process of drawing air into the lungs > Muscle contraction |
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Exhalation
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> During tidal breathing expiration is brought about by elastic recoil
> During forced expiration any muscle that decrease the area within the thoracic cavity |
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Mouth
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>Mechanically breakdown of food
>Creates bolus >Initial carb breakdown |
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Pharynx
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Exchange area for solid/liquids and air
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Esophagus
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>Muscular tube from pharynx to stomach.
>Functions in swallowing |
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Stomach
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Mixes bolus with gastric juices to create chyme
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Small Intestine
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>Movement of chyme
>Most absorption and digestion occurs here >final breakdown of carbs and protein >Facilitated by enzymes of brush boarder |
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Large intestine
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>Absorbs remaining water and various vitamins and minerals from small intestine
>Stores, forms, and releases feces |
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Pancreas
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>Secretes insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic juices
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Liver
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>Detox of blood
>Carb Metabolism >Lipid metabolism >Protein synthesis, bile production |
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Gall bladder
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>Stores, concentrates, and releases bile
>Stimulated by Cholecystokinin (CCK) from small intestine |
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Salivary glands
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Secrets saliva which contains salivary amylase
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Secretin
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>Stimulates secretions of mucus from pancreatic and gall bladder ducts
>Secretion of HCO3^- from the pancreatic and gall bladder ducts |
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Cholecystokinin
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>Stimulates secretion of pancreas and gall bladder.
>Inhibits gastric activities >Released in response to proteins or lipids in the small intestine |
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Amylase
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>Hydrolyzes the bonds between glucose subunits in starch and glycogen
>Digests starch |
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Pepsin
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Protein digesting enzyme secreted in gastic juices
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Lipases
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Breakdown of lipids
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Nucleases
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An enzyme that breaks apart chains of nucleotides in nucleic acids into smaller units
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Proteases
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Reduces the chance of self digestion
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Chyme
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Liquid/Paste of food
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Chylomicrons
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>Particle of lipids and proteins
>Secreted by the intestinal epithelial cells into lymph >Transported by lymphatic system to blood |
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Ghrelin
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>Secreted by stomach
>Rises between meals and stimulates centers in the hypothalamus to promote hunger |
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GLP-1
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>Decreases gastric activity
>Insulin productions |
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Leptin
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>Secreted by adipose tissue
>Reduces appetite >Increases the body's caloric expenditure |
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Insulin
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>Promotes the cellular uptake of blood glucose
>Promotes the anabolism of Carbs, Fat, and Protein |
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Intrinsic factor
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Required for the intestinal absorption of Vitamin B12
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Bile
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>Emulsify fat in small intestine
>Excretes bilirubine, bile salts, lecithin, and drugs |
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Parietal Cells
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>Oxyntic
>Secretes HCL and intrinsic factor |
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Goblet cells
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secrete protective mucus
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Chief Cells
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secrete pepsinogen and proteolytic enzyme precursor
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ECL cells
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Histamines and serotonin
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G Cells
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Secretes gastrin
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D Cells
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somatostatin which decrease serotonin
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Gastric Secretions
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Cephalic
Gastric Intestinal |
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Cephalic
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Smell or thought of food.
>Can stimulate |
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Gastric
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Distention and A-A in stomach
>Can stimulate or inhibit |
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Intestinal
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>Distention inhibits gastric activities
>Fatty chyme inhibits gastric activities |
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Plica circularis
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>Curves
>Circles inside small intestines so it is not a flat area giving more absorption area |
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Intestinal villi
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Finger like projections off of Plica circularis
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Lacteal
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Lymphatic vessels
>Lipids/Fats goes first |
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Microvilli
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Each intestinal villi has these finger like projections off of them
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Renal Blood Flow
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-Renal Arteries and veins
-Segmental arteries -Labor arteries -Interlobar arteries and veins -Arcuate arteries and veins -Interlobular arteries and veins -Afferent ateriole -Glomerulus -Efferent arteriole -Peritubular capillaries |
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Nephron tubules
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-Glomerulus
-Glomerular capsule -Proximal convoluted tubule -Nephron loop -Distal convoluted tubule -Collecting duct |
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Cortial nephron
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Most numerous of the nephrons and are primarily located in the cortex
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Juxtamedullary nephron
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Long nephron loops and play an important in concentrating urine
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Glomerulus
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-Arteriole capillary
-Fenestrae -Podocytes -Blood pressure 55mmHg |
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Filtration
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causes the substances in the glomerulus to be pushed into the bowman capsule as a result of blood pressure
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ADH
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released from the posterior pituitary gland and reduces the amount of water lost in the urine
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Secretion
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movement of substances from the blood into the distal tubule or collecting tube
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Hydronephrosis
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Condition caused by urine backing up into the kidney's causing swelling of the renal pelvis and calyces
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Bowman capsule
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cup shape part of the nephron that catches filtrate
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Reabsorption
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movement of substances out of the renal tubules and into blood capillaries
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Stage 2 renal failure
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Kidneys can no longer adapt to the loss of nephron
BUN levels climb |
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Aldosterone
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Hormone made in the adrenal cortex and causes the tubules to absorb sodium
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Hypoalbuminemia
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low albumin in the blood due to loss of an albumin throughout damaged glomeruli
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ANH
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hormone produced in the heart and stimulates the tubules to secrete sodium
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First stage of renal failure
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Some nephrons are lost but the remaining healthy nephrons compensate by enlarging and taking over the function of the lose nephron
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Incontinence
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a condition in which a person voids urine involuntarily
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retention
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a condition in which the bladder is full and the kidney is producing urine but the bladder is unable to empty itself
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Dalysis
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The remove or separate waste products from the blood
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Supression
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a condition in which the bladder is able to empty itself but no urine is being produced by the kidneys
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Renal Calculi
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Another term for kidney
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Glomerulus
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network of capillaries nestled within the bowman capsule
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Cortex
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Outer part of kidney
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Pyramid
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triangular division in the medulla of the kidney
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Urethritis
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An inflammation of the urethra that commonly results from bacterial infection
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Renal columns
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extension of cortical tissue that dip down into the medulla between the renal pyramids
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Bowman capsule
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the hollow sac like bowman capsule surrounding the glomerulus
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Secretion
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Process by which substances move into urine in the distal and collecting ducts from blood in the capillaries around those tubules
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Glycusuria
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-Glucose is in the urine
- Failure in reabsorption of the kidneys |
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Phenylkotonuria
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Milky appearing urine and musty smelling of urine in infants
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Diabetes melitus
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Disease known by Glucose in the urine
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Rugae
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Bladder is very wrinkled and lies in these folds
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hydronephrosis
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obstruction of urine flow usually results in backing up of urine
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Staghorn calclui
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large branched stones that form in the pelvis and branched calyces
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Urethritis
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Inflammation of the urethra from a bacterial infection
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nephritis
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general term referring to kidney disease especially inflammation condition
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Pyelonephrtis
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literally pelvis nephritis and refers to inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney
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Renal failure
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Failure of the kidney to properly process blood and form urine
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Acute renal failure
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Abrupt reduction in kidney function characterized by oliguria and a sharp rise in nitrogenous compounds in the blood
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Chronic renal failure
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slow progressive condition resulting from the gradual loss of nephrons
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IgG
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>Main form of antibodies in circulation
>Production increased after immunization >Secreted during the secondary response |
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IgA
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Found in external secretions
>Saliva and mother's milk |
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IgE
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Functions in allergic reactions
>immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
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IgM
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Acts as an antigen receptor on lymphocytes surface prior to immunization
>Secreted during primary response |
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IgD
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Acts as an antigen receptor on lymphocytes prior to immunization
>Other functions unknown |
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B-lymphocytes
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Secret antibodies into body fluid
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T-lymphocytes
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Directly attack target cells providing cell mediated immunity
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Complement system
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-blood proteins attach to the antigen/antibody complex
-become fixed to the cell membrane -creates large pores allowing water to enter cell |
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Nonspecific aspects
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-breakdown of skin or membrane
-phagocytosis -activation if complement proteins |
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Specific aspects
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-antibody production
-enhanced phagocytosis -diapedesis -vasodilation |
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Complement proteins
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Promote destruction of bacteria; enhance inflammatory response
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Endogenous proteins
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Secreted by leukocytes and other cells
-produces fever |
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Natural killer cells
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Destroy cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, and mismatched transplanted tissue cells
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Mast cells
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Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, and cytokines that promote adaptive immunity
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Interleukin-1
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-Induces proliferation
-Activation of T-Lymphocytes |
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Interleukin-2
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-Induces proliferation of activated T-Lymphocytes
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Interleukin-3
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Stimulates proliferation of bone marrow stems cells and mast cells
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Interleukin-4
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-Stimulates proliferation of activated B Cells
-Promotes production of IgE antibodies -Increases activity of cytotoxic T Cells |
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Interleukin-5
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-Induces activation of cytotoxic T Cells
-Promotes eosinophil differentiation -Serves as chemokine for eosinophils |
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Interleukin-6
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Stimulates proliferation and activation of T and B lymphocytes
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Granulocyte
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Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages
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Disaccharidase
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-Digest sucrose to glucose and fructose; deficiency produces gastrointestinal disturbances
-Digest maltose to glucose -Digests lactose to glucose and galactose; deficiency produces gastrointestinal disturbances (Lactose intolerance) |
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Peptidase
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-Produces free amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides
-Activates trypsin; deficiency results in protein malnutrition |
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Phosphatase
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-Needed for absorption of dietary calcium; enzyme activity regulated by Vitamin D
-Removes phosphate groups from organic molecules; enzymes may be regulated by vitamin D |
