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551 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The upper respiratory tract includes...
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nasal cavity and pharynx
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The lower respiratory tract includes...
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larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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The nasal cavity connects to the...
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pharynx
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The curvature on the side of the nose is the...
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ala
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The nasal cavity is divided in half by the...
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nasal septum
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The nasal septum is made up of...
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cartilage and bone
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The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone is located...
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between the eyes
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The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone is responsible for..
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separating the nose
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Support for the nasal septum is given by...
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vomer
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The nasal bone connects to...
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frontal process of maxilla
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The lateral margins of the nasal bone articulate with...
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ethmoid
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Quadrangular cartilage is...
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hyaline cartilage
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Quadrangular cartilage is found at...
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the front of the nose
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Curved, hyaline cartilage that forms the walls of the external nares is...
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alar cartilage
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The greater alar cartilage is located....
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above the nasal bone
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The lesser alar cartilage is located...
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inferior to the lateral and greater alar cartilage
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The lesser alar cartilage supports...
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ala
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The fat on the nose is known as...
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fibro-fatty tissue
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When the face doesn't fully develop properly, it can result in...
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deviated septum
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With a deviated septum, you are exposed to more...
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infections due to drainage issues
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Deviated septum can also be caused by...
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trauma
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A growth resulting from mucous is known as a...
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nasal polyp
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A polyp located in the maxillary sinus is a...
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antrochoanal polyp
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A polyp located in the ethmoid sinus is a...
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ethmoidal polyp
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Sinusitis can cause...
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blockage and inflammation
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The loss of the sense of smell is...
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anosmia
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The striated muscle that pulls the skin between the eyebrows down and flares the nares is...
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procerus
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The procerus is innervated by...
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facial nerve (VII)
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The procerus functions to...
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indrease air flow
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The sphincter like muscles of the nose are the...
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transverse and alar nasalis
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The transverse and alar nasalis are connected to other muscles by...
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aponeurosis
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The muscle that compresses nasal cartilages is...
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transverse and alar nasalis
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The transverse and alar nasalis is innervated by...
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facial nerve (VII)
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The muscle that pulls the ala down, constricting the nares is...
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depressor septi nasi
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The depressor septi nasi limits...
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air flow
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The muscles that dilate the nares and increase air flow is...
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dilator naris
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There are ____ and ____ dilator naris
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anterior, posterior
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The transitional area of the skin and inside the nostrils is..
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vestibule
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The vestibule is made up of...
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stratified squamous epithelium
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The first filter of the respiratory tract is the...
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coarse hairs of the vestibule
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The internal nares are the...
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choana
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The choana leads to...
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the trachea
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The palates separate...
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the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
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The hard palate is formed by...
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palatine process of maxilla and horizontal plate of the palantine bone
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The hard palate is located...
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on the floor of the nasal cavity
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The soft palate is made up of...
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striated muscles
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The muscles used in deglutition are...
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levator villi palatini, tensor villi palatini, and palatopharyngus
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When contracted, the levator villi palatini muscles prevent...
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food from entering nasal pharynx
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The levator villi palatini muscles are innervated by...
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vagus nerve (X)
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The muscle involved in mastication is...
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tensor villi palatini
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The tensor villi palatini is innervated by...
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mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V)
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When contracted, the tensor villi palatini opens...
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auditory tube
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The palatoglossus allows...
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breathing through the mouth
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The palatoglossus is innervated by...
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vagus nerve (X)
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The muscle that elevates the posterior portion of the tongue and closes oral pharynx is...
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palatoglossus
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The palatopharyngus is innervated by...
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vagus nerve (X)
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When the palatopharyngus muscle contracts, it pulls over...
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bolus of food and redirects so it doesn't go into respiratory tract
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The muscle involved in gagging is...
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musculis uvulae
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The musculis uvulae is innervated by...
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vagus nerve (X)
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The bony ridges of the nasal cavity are...
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conchae or turbinates
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The three conchae are...
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superior, middle and inferior
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The tissues of the conchae are...
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
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The largest conchae is the...
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inferior
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The inferior conchae allows...
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air flow to trachea
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The middle conchae directs...
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air flow
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The middle conchae protect...
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sinuses from direct air contact
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The superior conchae protect...
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olfactory nerves
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The passageway between the conchae is...
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meatus
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The superior, inferior, and middle meatus function to...
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moisten and humidify
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The maxillary paranasal sinus is located between...
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the superior and middle meatus
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The ethmoidal paranasal sinus consists of...
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anterior, middle, and poet air cells
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The frontal paranasal sinus is between...
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superior and middle meatus
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The frontal paranasal sinus consists of...
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superior, anterior, and middle ethmoid cells
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The frontal paranasal sinus drains into the middle meatus via...
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osteomedal complex
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The sphenoidal paranasal sinus drains by...
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sphenoethmoidal recess (ostia)
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Ostia drain into...
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osteomedial complex
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The spehnoiethmoidal recess also drains...
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ethmoidal air cells
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Paranasal sinuses are thought to possibly function to...
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increase mucosal surface to warm more air, immunodefense, help equalize pressure, decrease weight of skull, increase resonance of voice, and form a crumplezone
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Nasal mucosa tissue are...
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pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
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Nasal mucosa functions to...
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trap debris
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Nasal mucosa allows...
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98% water saturation before entering the lung
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When temperature decreases, nasal mucous secretion...
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increases
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When nasal mucous secretion increases, blood vessels...
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dilate
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The opening for both the oral and respiratory tracts is the...
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pharynx
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The internal nares to the uvula prevents...
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swallowed material from entering nasal pharynx
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The nasal pharynx is located next to...
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auditory tube
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The oral pharynx opens to the...
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oral cavity (fauces)
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The uvula to the epiglottis is the...
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oral pharynx
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The oral pharynx is lined with...
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stratified squamous epithelium
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The epiglottis to the esophagus is the...
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laryngopharynx
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The laryngopharynx is lined with...
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stratified squamous epithelium
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The larynx is made up of...
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9 cartilages, mostly hyaline and elastic
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The cartilages of the larynx are interconnected by...
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ligaments and muscles
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The unpaired cartilage of the larynx are...
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cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis
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The unpaired cartilage located at the base of the larynx that is the largest and functions to keep airways open is...
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cricoid cartilage
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The Adam's apple functions to keep airways open and is known as...
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thryoid cartilage
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The epiglottis prevents...
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food from entering respiratory tract
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The epiglottis allows...
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breathing through mouth
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The bottom paired cartilage is...
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arytenoid
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The middle paired cartilage is...
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corniculate
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The top paired cartilage is...
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cuneiform
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The vocal folds are...
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vocal chords
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The false vocal chords that prevent air from leaving the lungs and food from entering the larynx are...
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superior vocal chords
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The true vocal chords are the...
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interior vocal chords
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The lumen of the vocal chords is the...
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glottis
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The glottis is ____ when talking and ____ when breathing
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closed, open
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The diameter of the glottis controls...
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the sound you produce
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Females have higher voices because they have...
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shorter larynx
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The muscle that lengthens and stretches the vocal chords is the...
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cricothyroid muscle
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The only muscle innervated by the external laryngeal nerve is the...
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cricothyroid muscle
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The nerve formed from the jugular ganglion is the...
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external laryngeal nerve
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The external laryngeal nerve synapses with...
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vagus nerve
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The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve controls...
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posterior cricoarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, thryoarytenoid, and transverse arytenoid
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The muscle that abducts the vocal chords is the...
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posterior cricoarytenoid
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The muscle that adducts the the vocal chords is the...
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lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and trasnverse arytenoid
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The muscle that shortens and adducts the vocal chords during speech is the...
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thyroarytenoid
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The transverse arytenoid connects...
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the posterior and anterior sides of the arytenoid
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The creation of vibration or sound when you exhale is called..
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phonation
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Men's glottis is...
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17.5-25 mm, 125 Hz
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Women's glottis is...
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12.5-17.5 mm, 210 Hz
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The cough reflex prevents...
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food from entering the lungs
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The cough reflex is due to...
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irritation of sensory nerve in the larynx
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The tubes that conduct air are the...
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tracheae
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The trachea consists of...
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hyaline cartilage making up cartilaginous half rings
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The posterior wall of the trachea has no...
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cartilage
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The posterior wall of the trachea is lined by...
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trachialis muscle
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The trachea is designed to control air flow by...
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contracting or relaxing
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The end of the trachea is the...
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carina
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The carina has two openings that branch into...
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bronchi
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The conducting zone of the respiratory system is the...
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primary bronchi
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The primary bronchi tissue is...
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pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
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The primary bronchi are made up of...
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cartilaginous half rings
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The primary bronchi enter the lung at the ____, then divide into _______ (___ left and ___ right), the cartilage is in ____ now resulting in more _______, gathered ______ called seromucous glands, and divide into ________, then go through _____ more divisions and finally go to a small pipe called ______, which then divides into ________
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1. hilum
2. secondary lobular bronchi 3. 2 4. 3 5. plates 6. trachealis musclis 7. goblet cells 8. tertiary segmental bronchi 9. 16 10. bronchioles 11. terminal bronchiole |
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Larger bronchioles are similar to...
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bronchi
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Smaller bronchiole tissues are...
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ciliated simple collumnar with goblet cells
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Terminal bronchiole tissues are...
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simple cuboidal with goblet cells
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In the terminal bronchioles, debris cleanup is done by...
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dust cells
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A chronic condition of the conducting zone is...
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asthma
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Asthma can be caused by...
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constriction of trachealis muscle resulting in decreased diameter of air flow or too much mucous secretion
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A nebeulizer blocks...
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beta 2 adrenergic receptors
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The 7 branches at the end of the terminal bronchiole to the alveola is the...
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respiratory zone
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Gas exchange does not occur in the...
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respiratory bronchioles
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The alveolar ducts connect to...
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alveolar sac
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Alveoli tissue is...
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simple squamous epithelium
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Alveoli are used for...
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gas exchange
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Alveolus is surround by...
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capillary beds
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Alveolus contains...
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type II pneumocytes
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Type II pneumocytes secrete...
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surfactant
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Surfactant functions to...
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break hydrogen bonds so surface tension doesn't overwhelm
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Surfactant prevents...
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collapse of lung
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Alveoli maximize...
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surface area for gas exchange
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In the alveoli, ___ is drawn up from cells and goes to the___
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CO2, lungs
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The right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes
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3, 2
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The lobes of the bronchi are supplied by...
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secondary bronchus
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The lungs are subdivided into...
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bronchopulmonary segments
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Bronchopulmonary segments are divided by...
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connective tissue capsules
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Bronchopulmonary segments are supplied by...
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tertiary bronchus
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There are ___ bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and ____ in the left
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10, 9
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The bronchopulmonary segments are incompletely divided into...
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lobules
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Each lobule is supplied by a...
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bronchiole
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The muscles of inspiration are...
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diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and sternocleidomastoid
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The diaphragm separates...
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thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
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The diaphragm is innervated by...
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phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
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There are __ external intercostals on either side
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11
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The external intercostals are innervated by...
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intercostal nerves (T1-11)
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The pectoralis minor is located between...
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ribs 3, 4, and 5
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The pectoralis major is innervated by the...
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medial pectoral nerve (C8, T11)
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The medial pectoral nerve arises from...
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medial cord from brachial plexus
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The scalenes are interconnected with...
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ribs
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The posterior scalenes are innervated by...
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posterior rami (C5-8) and the lateral muscular branch (C3, 4)
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The medial scalenes are innervated by...
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anterior rami (C3,4) and lateral musclular branches (C3,4)
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The anterior scalenes are innervated by...
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anterior rami (C5-8)
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The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by...
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anterior rami (C2,3) and cranial accessory nerve
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The muscles of expiration are...
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internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
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The internal intercostals are innervated by...
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intercostal nerves (T1-11)
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The rectus abdominis is interconnected by...
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linea alba (aponeurosis)
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The linea alba is made up of...
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collagen fibers
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The rectus abdominis is innervated by...
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anterior division of T1-11 (thoracic intercostal nerve)
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The external obliques are innervated by...
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intercostal nerves (T6-11) and anterior branch of T12 (subcostal nerve)
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The internal oblique is innervated by...
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intercostal nerves, subcostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve (L1), iliolingual nerve (L1)
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The transversus abdominis is innervated by...
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intercostal nerves, subcostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve, iliolingual nerve
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The movement of air in and out of the lungs is...
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ventilation
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Ventilation is due to...
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difference in atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure
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During inspiration, the muscles expand the ____, ____ room for the lung, and alveolar pressure _____ in comparison to barometric pressure
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1. rib cage
2. increase 3. decrease |
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During expiration, the muscles _____ to ____ volume of thoracic area, the lungs get _____, and alveolar pressure _____
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1. contract
2 decrease 3. smaller 4. increase |
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Dense capsule tissue surrounding the lungs that anchors at the mediastinum
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pleura
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The parietal pleura lines...
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thoracic cavity
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The visceral pleura is located...
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right on top of the lung
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The pleural fluids prevent...
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friction
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The bronchi are surrounded by...
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pulmonary capillaries
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Pulmonary arteries branch from the trunk and branch into..
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pulmonary capillaries
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The thoracic aorta supplies blood...
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to the lungs
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The thoracic aorta branches into...
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bronchial arteries then capillaries
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The thoracic aorta supplies...
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oxygen and nutrients to the lungs
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The bronchial veins and azygous venous system functions to...
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return the blood from the lungs to the heart
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Pulmonary veins carry...
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oxygenated blood to the heart
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Superficial lymphatic vessels drain...
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lymph from visceral pleural system
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Lung cancer is caused by...
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oncogenic cells in the lungs
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The spreading of cancerous cells is...
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metastasis
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When cancer cells don't metastasize, it is...
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benign tumor
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Oncogenic cells can be caused by...
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carcinogens or genetics
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Aflatoxin B1 is produced by...
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Aspergillus flavus
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Benzene is a...
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gasoline additive found in roach motels
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Ethylene dibromide is a...
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gas additive
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Formaldehyde is a...
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body preservative
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Enlarged liver from hepatitis B is...
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hepatocytemagle
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Enlarged spleen from hepatitis B is...
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spleenomagle
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Some examples of carcinogens are...
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aflatoxin B1, benzene, ethylene dibromide, formaldehyde, hepatitis B
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The number 2 cause of cancer is...
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radon gas formed from uranium decay
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Squamous cell carcinoma is a...
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non-small cell lung cancer
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Cancer of the epithelial cell in the lungs that is 25% of all lung cancer is...
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Adenocarcinoma is a ...
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non-small cell lung cancer
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Adenocarcinoma makes up ___ of lung cancer
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50-60%
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Cancer in cells outside of the lung is...
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large cell carcinoma
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20% of lung cancers that grows in the larger breathing tubes is...
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small cell lung cancer
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Shortness of breath is...
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dyspnea
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Coughing up blood is...
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hemoptsis
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Symptoms of lung cancer are...
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dyspnea, hemoptsis, chronic coughing, wheezing, chest and abdominal pain, cachexia, and hoarse voice
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Weight loss is...
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cachexia
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Breathing is controlled by...
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pons and medulla oblongata
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The dorsal respiratory group is...
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bilateral
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The pontine respiratory groups contains...
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pons
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The pneumotaxic center is located in the..
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kolliker-fuse nuclei area of pons
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The Hering-Brueur reflex is covered by...
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pneumotaxic center
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The pneumotaxic center prevents...
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overinflation of lungs
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Levels of CO2 are detected by...
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peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors
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The peripheral chemoreceptor includes the...
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carotid artery and aorta
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The peripheral chemoreceptor (indirectly or directly) monitors CO2
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indirectly
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The central chemoreceptor is located...
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in chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata
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Central chemoreceptor monitors...
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pH of blood
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When there is too much carbonic acid, central chemoreceptor causes you to...
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breath harder
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An increase in CO2 content is...
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hypercapnia
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A decrease in CO2 content is...
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hypocapnia
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Lack of oxygen is..
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hypoxia
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Prevention of overextending lungs is done by...
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Hering-Breuer reflex
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Digestion is the...
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mechanical and chemical process of decomposing food
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The 9 meter long tube is the...
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alimentary canal
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High traffic areas have...
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stratified squamous epithelium
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The mucosa is designed to..
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protect tissue beneath it
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In the intestines, mucosa is for...
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absorption
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In the stomach, mucosa is for...
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secretion
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Goblet cells in the digestive tract...
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prevent food from being stuck, protect stomach lining from acid, and lubrication
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Aid in absorption in intestines
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villi and microvilli
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The mucous epithelium is...
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simple columnar with goblet cells
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The thin layer of connective tissue that anchors the mucous epithelium is...
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lamina propria
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The smooth muscle layer found inside mucosa is...
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muscularis mucosae
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The submucosa conains...
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loose connective tissue and exocrine glands and blood vessles, lymphatics, and nerves
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Submucosal plexus controls...
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glandular secretions and sensory functions
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The movement of food is...
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peristalsis
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Most muscles have...
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2 layers
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The inner muscle layer is usually...
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circular
|
|
|
The outer muscle layer is...
|
longitudinal
|
|
|
The myenteric plexus controls...
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
The serosa surrounds...
|
muscular layer
|
|
|
The submucosal plus myenteric plexus makes up...
|
intramural plexus
|
|
|
All the intramural plexus together is...
|
enteric nervous system
|
|
|
All the smooth muscle cells are connected via...
|
gap junctions
|
|
|
The digestive tract is triggered by...
|
voltage gated calcium-sodium channels
|
|
|
Smooth muscles do not have troponin but...
|
caldesmon
|
|
|
Caldesmon binds to...
|
calmodulin binding protein which can bind to calcium
|
|
|
Calmodulin is activated by...
|
calcium
|
|
|
After calmodulin is activated...
|
it moves triple myosin out of the way
|
|
|
The P-light chain is a...
|
modified myosin molecule without a trypsin hinge
|
|
|
MLCK
|
myosin light chain kinase
|
|
|
MLCK causes...
|
45 degree angle
|
|
|
Resting potential is about...
|
-56mV
|
|
|
Polarization is due to...
|
influx of sodium and some calcium due to leaky channels
|
|
|
All or none reflex can occur at...
|
-41mV
|
|
|
All or none reflex is called...
|
spike potential
|
|
|
The vestibule is located...
|
between the lips and teeth
|
|
|
The cheek muscle is the...
|
buccinator
|
|
|
The muscle involved in chewing is...
|
buccinator
|
|
|
Buccinator is innervated by...
|
buccal facial nerve
|
|
|
The buccinator is surrounded by...
|
buccal fat pad
|
|
|
The tongue is connected to the oral cavity by the...
|
frenulum
|
|
|
The tongue is known as a...
|
muscular hydrostat
|
|
|
Muscular hydrostat means...
|
entire structure is powered by muscle
|
|
|
The shape of the tongue is changed by...
|
intrinsic muscle
|
|
|
The intrinsic muscle is innervated by...
|
hypoglossal nerve (XII)
|
|
|
The tongue is retracted, elevated and the tip is deviated by...
|
superior longitudinal muscle
|
|
|
The tongue muscle used in speech and mastication to shape bolus of food is...
|
verticalis
|
|
|
The tongue muscle that compresses the size of the tongue and is used in speech and mastication is...
|
transversus
|
|
|
The tongue is extended and retracted by..
|
extrinsic muscles
|
|
|
The tongue's center is depressed to stick the tongue out by the...
|
genioglossus
|
|
|
The tongue is depressed by...
|
hypoglossus
|
|
|
The tongue is elevated and retracted by...
|
styloglossus
|
|
|
The soft palate is depressed by...
|
palatoglossus
|
|
|
The back of the tongue is elevated by...
|
palatoglossus
|
|
|
The palatoglossus is innervated by...
|
vagus nerve (X)
|
|
|
All tongue muscles are innervated by hypoglossal nerve except...
|
palatoglossus
|
|
|
Teeth are located in the..
|
maxillary and mandibular dental arches
|
|
|
The teeth that chop and tear food are the...
|
incisors
|
|
|
The teeth that puncture, hold, and tear food are the...
|
canines
|
|
|
The teeth that grind food into pulp are...
|
premolars and molars
|
|
|
The exposed part of the tooth is the...
|
crown
|
|
|
Teeth are set in...
|
alveolar processes
|
|
|
The area on top of the crown designed to grind food is..
|
cusp
|
|
|
The lateral part of the tooth is the...
|
neck
|
|
|
Inside the gums or alveolar process is the...
|
root
|
|
|
The nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics of the tooth surrounded by connective tissue is the...
|
pulp
|
|
|
The nerves and blood vessels enter and leave the tooth at the...
|
apical foramen
|
|
|
The slightly calcified, cellular connective tissue layer of the tooth is the...
|
dentin
|
|
|
The dentin of the crown is covered by...
|
enamel
|
|
|
Enamel protects from...
|
abrasion, bacterial infections, etc
|
|
|
Dense, fibrous connective tissue of the tooth is the...
|
gingiva
|
|
|
Teeth are anchored by...
|
gingiva and peridontal ligaments
|
|
|
Muscles of mastication are innervated by...
|
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V)
|
|
|
The muscles of mastication include...
|
temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles
|
|
|
The jaw is extended and protruded by...
|
medial and lateral pterygoid and masseter
|
|
|
The jaw is retracted by the...
|
temporalis muscle
|
|
|
Words are produced and we chew by the...
|
mastication muscles
|
|
|
The salivary glands are found...
|
scattered throughout oral cavity
|
|
|
Alpha amylase is produced by...
|
parotid glands
|
|
|
Alpha amylase functions to...
|
break down carbohydrates into polysaccharides
|
|
|
The submandibular gland produces...
|
mucin and water which makes mucous
|
|
|
Mucous is made when water is added to...
|
mucin
|
|
|
Food is lubricated by...
|
submandibular and sublingual glands
|
|
|
The sublingual, lingual, palatine, buccal, and labial glands all secrete...
|
mucin, lysozyme, and IgA
|
|
|
The buccal gland is found...
|
in the cheek
|
|
|
The digestive pharynx tissue is...
|
stratified squamous
|
|
|
The superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by...
|
vagus nerve
|
|
|
The esophagus leads to the...
|
stomach
|
|
|
The esophagus is a...
|
smooth muscular tube
|
|
|
The esophagus goes through the diaphragm through the...
|
esophageal hiatus
|
|
|
The esophagus is designed for...
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
Rhythmic contractions are...
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
In the esophagus, food triggers a...
|
sodium channel
|
|
|
The two sphincters of the esophagus are the...
|
upper and lower esophageal sphincter
|
|
|
The sphincters of the esophagus function to...
|
keep food on the right track and prevent backflow
|
|
|
The lower esophageal sphincter is also called...
|
gastroesophageal sphincter
|
|
|
The oral preparatory phase begins after...
|
food is processed by mastication
|
|
|
Movement of the tongue by the various muscles produces...
|
bolus of food
|
|
|
Once the bolus of food is formed, it is moved past...
|
oral pharynx and laryngopharynx
|
|
|
After the bolus of food passes the pharynx, it goes through the...
|
upper esophageal sphincter by peristalsis
|
|
|
The oral phase occurs when...
|
the bolus goes to the oral pharynx
|
|
|
Is the oral phase voluntary or involuntary?
|
voluntary
|
|
|
The oral phase is controlled by...
|
trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves
|
|
|
During the oral phase, choking is prevented by...
|
palatoglossus
|
|
|
The pharyngeal phase starts with...
|
triggering of peristalsis which is controlled by enteric nervous system
|
|
|
The enteric nervous system is made up of...
|
submucosal and myenteric plexus
|
|
|
The digestive tract is influenced by...
|
vagus, accessory, hypoglossal nerves and endocrine system
|
|
|
The part of the medulla oblongata called the swallowing center shuts down the respiratory tract during deglutition is caused by...
|
deglutition apnea
|
|
|
The esophageal phase continues to the stomach and then...
|
digestion occurs
|
|
|
The top opening of the stomach is the...
|
gastroesophageal or cardiac opening
|
|
|
Food is prevented from leaving the stomach into the esophagus by the...
|
gastroesophageal sphincter
|
|
|
The top of the stomach is the ____, the middle is the _____, and the bottom is the ______
|
fundus, body, pyloric
|
|
|
Food into the small intestine from the stomach is controlled by...
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
|
The stomach tissue is....
|
simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
The inner layer of the stomach is _____, the middle is ____, and the outer is _____
|
oblique, circular, longitudinal
|
|
|
The food in the stomach is now...
|
chyme
|
|
|
The folds of the stomach that increase surface area are called..
|
rugae
|
|
|
The stomach contains holes that go to the submucosal layer called...
|
gastric pits
|
|
|
The gastric pits are surrounded by...
|
exocrine cells
|
|
|
Mucous is produced in the gastric pits by...
|
surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells
|
|
|
Surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells protect the stomach fro...
|
its own acid
|
|
|
Parietal cells in the gastric pits secrete...
|
HCl and intrinsic factor
|
|
|
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor in order to absorb...
|
B12 in the small intestines
|
|
|
Chief cells in the gastric pits secrete...
|
pepsinogen
|
|
|
Pepsinogen is a...
|
precursor protein
|
|
|
Pepsinogen mixes with ____ and turns into ____ which digests _____
|
HCl, pepsin, proteins
|
|
|
Endocrine/APUD cells in the gastric pits secrete...
|
gastrin
|
|
|
Gastrin controls..
|
HCl secretion and parietal cells
|
|
|
Gastrin is produced by....
|
G cells
|
|
|
Food entering the duodenum is...
|
acidic
|
|
|
The hepatopancreatic ampulla empites into...
|
major duodenal papilla
|
|
|
The exocrine part of the pancreas is the...
|
pancreatic duct
|
|
|
The common bile duct comes from...
|
gall bladder
|
|
|
The junction of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct is the...
|
hepatopancreatic ampulla
|
|
|
Only 1 in 10 people have a...
|
lesser duodenal papilla
|
|
|
The secretion of the duodenum is controlled by...
|
hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter
|
|
|
The folds of the small intestine are...
|
plicae cirularis
|
|
|
Stomach cells last about...
|
5-10 days
|
|
|
The small intestine cells surface area are increased by...
|
villi and microvilli
|
|
|
Holes of small intestine cells that go down to submucosa are...
|
Crypts of Leiberkuhn
|
|
|
Crypts of Leiberkuhn include...
|
absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, and endocrine/APUD cells
|
|
|
Absorptive cells function to...
|
absorb nutrients and secrete enzymes
|
|
|
Absorptive cells secrete....
|
peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase
|
|
|
Peptidase breaks down...
|
peptides into amino acids
|
|
|
Sucrase, maltase, isomaltase and lactase break down...
|
polysaccharides into glucose
|
|
|
Intestinal lipase breaks down...
|
lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
|
|
|
Granular cells are...
|
macrophages
|
|
|
The endocrine cells of the small intestine are...
|
I cells and S cells
|
|
|
I cells secrete...
|
CCK
|
|
|
CCK functions to...
|
slow down peristalsis when there are increased levels of protein and fat
|
|
|
S cells secrete...
|
secretin
|
|
|
Secretin functions to...
|
bile and pancreatic secretions to be secreted, open hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter
|
|
|
Secretin senses...
|
hydrogen ions (acid) and chyme
|
|
|
The jejunum and ileum have less..
|
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
|
|
|
The ileum is surrounded by...
|
lymph nodes called Peyer's patches
|
|
|
The ileocecal junction consists of...
|
ileocecal sphincter and ileosecal valve to prevent backflow
|
|
|
The cecum functions in...
|
reabsorption of water and ions
|
|
|
The appendix is found at the end of the...
|
cecum
|
|
|
The outer layer of smooth muscle in the large intestine is...
|
incomplete
|
|
|
The 3 smooth muscle bands of the large intestine are called...
|
teniae coli
|
|
|
The pouches formed in the large intestine are called..
|
haustra
|
|
|
The large intestine tissue is...
|
simple columnar epithelium with no villi or microvilli
|
|
|
The holes in the large intestine are called...
|
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
|
|
|
The large intestine leads to the...
|
rectum
|
|
|
The rectum tissue is...
|
stratified
|
|
|
The top of the anal canal is the...
|
internal sphincter
|
|
|
The external sphincter is controlled by the...
|
levator ani muscle
|
|
|
The liver is known as a...
|
accessory organ
|
|
|
The 4 lobes of the liver are the...
|
right, left, caudate, and quadrate
|
|
|
All liver cells produce...
|
bile
|
|
|
The caudate and quadrate lobes empty bile into...
|
right and left lobes
|
|
|
The nerves, blood vessles, and lympatics enter the liver at the..
|
porta
|
|
|
The hepatic veins and arteries branch from the...
|
aorta
|
|
|
The right and left hepatic ducts joint to form...
|
common hepatic duct
|
|
|
The common hepatic duct and gall bladder join at the...
|
systic duct
|
|
|
The common hepatic duct transports...
|
bile out of the liver
|
|
|
When the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter is closed...
|
bile backs up into the dudodenum
|
|
|
The liver is covered with ...
|
connective tissue capsule
|
|
|
The connnective tissue capsule comes together at the _____ and subdivides into _____ inside, which divides into compartments called ______, each with a _______ consisting of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
|
1. porta
2. septa 3. lobules 4. porta triad |
|
|
The lobules are drained by...
|
central vein
|
|
|
The lobules are further divided into...
|
hepatic cords
|
|
|
The hepatic cords are sites of...
|
hepatocytes
|
|
|
Hepatocytes function to...
|
produce bile to get rid of red blood cells, steorids, cholesterol, etc, and to form glycogen for emergency energy, as well as detox blood
|
|
|
Bile functions to...
|
emulsify fat into smaller pieces
|
|
|
Bile gets dumped into the _______, where ______ is secreted to break it down into _______, and it is then dumped as _____ into the ______
|
1. duodenum
2. lipase 3. fatty acids and glycerol 4. chyle 5. lacteals |
|
|
The liver stores iron as...
|
ferritin
|
|
|
Too much iron can lead to ...
|
liver failure
|
|
|
90% of hepatocytes are found between hepatic cords known as...
|
hepatic sinusoids
|
|
|
Hepatic sinusoids are made up of...
|
endothelial cells, phagocytic cells, and bile caniliculis
|
|
|
Phagocytic cells of hepatic sinusoids are called...
|
Kuffer cells
|
|
|
Small simple squamous pipes that carry bile in the hepatic sinusoids are...
|
bile caniliculus
|
|
|
The gall bladder consists of...
|
transitional epithelium so that it can stretch
|
|
|
The gall bladder functions to...
|
store bile
|
|
|
The folds of the gall bladder are...
|
rugae
|
|
|
The gall bladder contracts to...
|
get rid of bile
|
|
|
The head of the pancreas is next to the ____, the tail is by the ____
|
duodenum, spleen
|
|
|
Digestive enzymes in the pancreas are produced by...
|
acini
|
|
|
Clusters of acinar cells form...
|
lobules that are divided via septa
|
|
|
Lobules are connected by ______ which are connected to ______ which connect to _______ which dump into the _____ that merges with the _______
|
1. intercalated ducts
2. intralobular ducts 3. interlobular ducts 4. main pancreatic duct 5. common bile duct |
|
|
The breakdown of organic substances that generates ATP is ...
|
catabolism
|
|
|
ATP is used to synthesize organic compounds in...
|
anabolism
|
|
|
The amount needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius is...
|
calorie (kilocalorie)
|
|
|
The essential nutrients are...
|
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals
|
|
|
The time period up to four hours after a meal is the...
|
absorptive state
|
|
|
1 g of carbohydrates equals...
|
4kcal
|
|
|
1g of proteins equals...
|
4kcal
|
|
|
Our body cannot synthesize...
|
essential amino acids such as isoleucine and valine (9 total)
|
|
|
1g of lipids equals...
|
9kcal
|
|
|
95% of the fats we consume are...
|
triglycerides
|
|
|
5% of the fats we consume are...
|
cholesterols and phospholipids
|
|
|
Fats that are full of hydrogens with only single bonds are...
|
saturated
|
|
|
We get proteins from...
|
meat and dairy
|
|
|
We get carbohydrates from...
|
meat, plants, dairy
|
|
|
We get saturated fats from...
|
meat, dairy, oils
|
|
|
We get monounsaturated fat from...
|
milk, cheese, butter
|
|
|
We get poly unsaturated fats from...
|
fish, sunflower oil, corn oil
|
|
|
Lipids in the body are..
|
picked up by adipose tissue and stored
|
|
|
Organic coenzymes are called...
|
vitamins
|
|
|
Vitamin K is produced by...
|
E. coli
|
|
|
Provitamins are a ...
|
precursor
|
|
|
Carotenoids are a precursor for...
|
vitamin A
|
|
|
Folate and B12 are needed for...
|
nucleic acid synthesis
|
|
|
Vitamins C, D, and E are needed for...
|
general growth
|
|
|
Vitamin K is need for...
|
blood clots
|
|
|
Hydrophobic vitamins are...
|
filtered by liver and stored
|
|
|
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are...
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
Vitamins B and C are...
|
hydrophilic
|
|
|
Too much vitamins is...
|
hypervitaminosis
|
|
|
Inorganic coenzymes are...
|
minerals
|
|
|
C6H12O6 + O2 ->
|
CO2 + H2O+ ATP
|
|
|
Cellular respiration takes place...
|
in and around mitochondria
|
|
|
In cellular respiration, glucose is _____ and CO2 and water are _____
|
oxidized, reduced
|
|
|
Some coenzymes are...
|
NAD, FAD, CoA
|
|
|
Coenzymes function to...
|
lower activation energy
|
|
|
The input of glycolysis is...
|
1. glucose
2. 2 NAD+ 3. 2 ATP 4. 2 ADP |
|
|
The output of glycolysis is...
|
1. 2 pyruvate
2. 2 NADH 3. 4 ATP (2 net) |
|
|
The second step of cellular respiratio is...
|
transition reaction
|
|
|
The transition reaction generates...
|
electrons
|
|
|
The input of transition reaction is...
|
1. 2 CoA
2. 2 ATP 3. 2 NAD+ |
|
|
The output of transition reaction is...
|
1. 2 acetyl CoA
2. 2 NADH 3. 2 CO2 |
|
|
The input of the Krebs cycle is...
|
1. 2 acetyl CoA
2. 2 ADP 3. 6 NAD+ 4. 2 FAD |
|
|
The output of Krebs cycle is...
|
1. 4 CO2
2. 2 ATP 3. 6 NADH 4. 2 FADH2 (4 electrons) |
|
|
The input of electron transport chain is...
|
1. 2 FADH2
2. 10 NADH |
|
|
The output of electron transport chain is...
|
32-34 ATP
|
|
|
The electron transport chain is called...
|
chemosmosis
|
|
|
The glycerol from lipolysis is converted to...
|
pyruvate
|
|
|
The fatty acids from lipolysis are broken into..
|
2 carbon fragments by beta oxidation, then to pyruvate
|
|
|
Glycerol is formed by...
|
dihydroacetone phosphate or CoA
|
|
|
Lipoproteins are...
|
bounded fatty acids
|
|
|
The five groups of cholesterol lipoproteins are...
|
chylomicrons, VLD, ID, LDL, HDL
|
|
|
Chylomicrons are produced by...
|
intestinal epithelial cells
|
|
|
Chylomicrons are found inside...
|
chyle
|
|
|
VLDL are made by...
|
liver
|
|
|
IDLs have...
|
more phospholipids and cholesterols, less triglycerides
|
|
|
LDLs have...
|
large amounts of cholesterol
|
|
|
HDLs have...
|
equal cholesterol and phospholipids, and no triglycerides
|
|
|
HDLs are used to...
|
transport excess cholesterol to the liver
|
|
|
White adipose tissue has...
|
one fatty acid droplet in the center
|
|
|
Brown adipose tissue has...
|
more than one fatty acid droplet in the center
|
|
|
Fat is broken down in...
|
duodenum
|
|
|
Fat is broken down into _____ and _____ by ______, then it is absorbed by _______ and restructured into _______ in the __________ then conjugated with ______ to form ________ and released into _______ as ______, then dumped into _______ where it goes to _______ and _______ produce _________ to break down _______ into ______, ______, and ______ and reform ______ to be stored in ______ and ______ goes into ______ to participate in _______
|
1. fatty acids
2. glycerol 3. lipase 4. absorptive cells 5. triglycerides 6. smooth ER 7. proteins 8. chylomicrons 9. lacteals 10. chyle 11. circulation 12. adipose tissue 13. adipocytes 14. lipoprotein lipase 15. chylomicrons 16. proteins 17. fatty acids 18. glycerol 19. triglycerides 20. fat droplets 21. glycerol 22. circulation 23. Krebs |
|
|
Fat release from adipocytes is influenced by hormones such as....
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, GH, cortisol
|
|
|
Hormones in fat release activate _______ and the production of _________, which cleaves _______ into _____ and _____ that are release into _______ and converted into ______
|
1. secondary messengers
2. hormone sensitive lipase 3. stored triglyceride 4. fatty acids 5. glycerol 6. blood stream 7. pyruvate |
|
|
A severe increase in the number and size of adipocytes is...
|
hypertrophic obesity
|
|
|
Too many fat cells can result in...
|
hypercellular obesity
|
|
|
Removal of an amino group can be done by...
|
transamination or deamination
|
|
|
Attachment to a ketoacid to produce the type of amino acid needed is...
|
transamination
|
|
|
The removal of an amino group that will no longer be used is...
|
deamination
|
|
|
The sugar of DNA and RNA when recycled is used in...
|
glycolysis
|
|
|
The bases of DNA and RNA when recycled are sent to ...
|
liver
|
|
|
The kidney functions to...
|
filter blood, maintain blood pressure, and regulate pH
|
|
|
An animal vitamin generated in the skin that is activated when exposed to UV radiation is...
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D3, cholecalciferol
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D3 is activated by UV by...
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7-hydrocholesterol
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A biologically nonactive vitamin found in plants is...
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D2, ergosterol
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The liver takes up _____ and hydrolyzes it by _______ and the product is ________, which is released into the _____ and goes to the _____ where it is converted by ________ to ________
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1. cholecalciferol
2. 25-hydroxylase 3. 25-hydroxylace cholecalciferol 4. blood stream 5. kidney 6. 1-alphahydroxylase 7. calcitriol |
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The active form of vitamin D is...
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calcitriol
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Vitamin D is essential for...
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maintaining calcium balance in bones
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The nephron functions to...
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collect nutrients, ions, and excess water
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Fenestrated capillaries in a "ball of yarn" is...
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glomerulus
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The glomerulus is covered by...
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Bowman's capsule
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The convoluted tubules are surrounded by...
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peritubular capillaries that pump out
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The vasa recta functions to...
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collect what is pumped out of the loop of Henle
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The glomerulus is supplied by the ____ and drained by the _____ which goes to the _____, then to the _____, the back to the _____
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1. afferent artery
2. efferent artery 3. peritubular capillaries 4. vasa recta 5. veins |
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The afferent and efferent arteries are lined by...
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juxtaglomerular cells
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus controls...
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vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arteries
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The parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule conissts of..
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simple squamous epithelium for diffusion
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The visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule consists of...
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simple cuboidal type cells with extensions called podocytes
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The filtration membrane consists of...
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slits between podocytes, fenestrated capillaries, and the basement membrane
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The proximal convoluted tubule consists of...
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simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
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The proximal convoluted tubule functions to...
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reabsorb nutrients and release them into the interstitial layers
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The fluid in the interstitial layers is...
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peritubular fluid that is reabsorbed by peritubular capillaries
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The basal side of the proximal convoluted tubule contains...
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Na/K pumps
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Facilitated diffusion occurs for..
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glucose and proteins (double receptor on Na/K pump)
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After they pass the proximal convoluted tubule, glucose and proteins are...
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reabsorbed
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The descending loop of Henle consists of...
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thick sement of simple cuboidal epithelium and thin segment of simple squamous
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The ascending loop of Henle consists of...
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thin segment then thick segment
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The distal convoluted tubule functions to...
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reabsorb anything that hasn't been filtered
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The macula densa is part of...
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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The macula densa consists of...
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modified epithelial tissue
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The macula densa monitors...
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salinity of distal convoluted tubule
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When there is too much salt, the macula densa triggers...
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juxtaglomerular cells to vasodilate afferent artery to bring more blood in and more water out
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Mesengial cells are part of...
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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The mesengial cells function to...
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help macula densa with communication with juxtaglomerular cells
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ADH targets...
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loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubules
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ANP targets...
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juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa
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The collecting ducts lead to the ...
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ureter, then bladder, then urethra
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To get through the fenestrated capillaries, things must be...
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less than 100 nm
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The basal lamina of the Bowman's capsule consists of...
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1. lamina rara interna
2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa |
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The lamina rara interna contains...
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heparin sulfate
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To get through the lamina densa, things must be...
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less than 60nm
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The lamina densa consists of...
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type 4 collagen and laminin
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To get through the filtration slits between podocytes, things musst be...
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less than 9nm
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The filtration pressure is about...
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7mm Hg
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Filtration pressure =
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GCP-COP-CP
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The glomerular capillary pressure is...
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45mm Hg
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The capsule pressure is...
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10mm Hg
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The colloid osmotic pressure generated from stuck proteins is...
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28mm Hg
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