Exam 4

Front 1

Origin

Back 1

Attachment to staionary end of muscle

Front 2

Insertion

Back 2

Attachment to mobile end of muscle

Front 3

Perimysium

Back 3

AROUND- layer of connective tissue that surrounds fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers) - slightly thicker

Front 4

Endomysium

Back 4

INSIDE- thin areola tissue around each cell- allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers

Front 5

Synergist

Back 5

Stabilizes nearby joint, modifies direction of movement, aids prime mover, BICEPS BRACHII

Front 6

Adduction

Back 6

Movement of a body part toward median plane (spread legs-> put feet together)

Front 7

Abduction

Back 7

Movement of body part toward median plane (raising arm from side)

Front 8

Prime mover inspiration

Back 8

Produces most of the force; diaphragm

Front 9

Epimysium

Back 9

Covers whole muscle belly; blends into connective tissue between muscles

Front 10

Deltoid

Back 10

Multipennate shape; PRIME MOVER; flexion, extension, abduction of humerus

Front 11

Tibialis anterior

Back 11

Dorsi flexes and inverts foot, on the shin

Front 12

Parallel muscle

Back 12

Have parallel fascicles; can span long distances and shorten more than other muscle types; rectus femoris transverse abdominus

Front 13

Intrinsic muscles

Back 13

Contained within a region

Front 14

Extrinsic muscles

Back 14

Move the region but are found outside the region

Front 15

Hallucis

Back 15

Abduction and flexion of thr big, great, toe

Front 16

Transverse abdominus

Back 16

Horizontal fiber orientation; deepest layer; strongest; main stabilizer of your core

Front 17

Infraspinatus

Back 17

Thick, triangular muscle; externally rotate humerus and stabilize shoulder joint; rotator cuff muscle

Front 18

Supraspinatus

Back 18

Small muscle of upper back; aids deltoid in abduction of the arm and shoulder

Front 19

Sartorius

Back 19

Aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing ; abducts and laterally rotates thigh "tailors muscle", anterior thigh

Front 20

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Back 20

Flexes wrist anteriorly; aids in flexion of wrist , ulnar side

Front 21

Iliopsoas

Back 21

Iliacus, lesser troacantus, Prime hip flexor; inserts at femur; bending forward, leg rising

Front 22

Gluteus maximus

Back 22

Forms mass of buttock; prime hip extensor, provides most of lift for climbing stairs

Front 23

Quadriceps femoral- 4 parts

Back 23

1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus intermedius 4. Vastus medialus

Extends the knee

Front 24

hamstrings

Back 24

3 tendons: 1. semitendinosus 2. semimembranosus 3. bicep femoris; behind knee and thigh; involved in knee flexion and hip extension

Front 25

rectus abdominus

Back 25

vertical, strap-like ; tendinous insertions ; rectus sheath ; linea alba... weakest, most superior

Front 26

corrugator supercilii

Back 26

wrinkles eyebrows

Front 27

levator anguli oris

Back 27

smiling-elevates upper lip and angles mouth

Front 28

sternocleidomastoid

Back 28

(SCM) in the neck ; 3 attachments: 1. sternum 2. clavicle 3. temporal bone (mastoid process), whiplash muscle

Front 29

properties of muscle tissue

Back 29

contractility, excitability, extensibility...stretch, elasticity...recoil, conductivity

Front 30

motor units

Back 30

One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates

Front 31

thin filaments

Back 31

G-actin; holds tropomyosin molecules and 1 small tropnion

Front 32

thick filaments

Back 32

bundle of myosin molecules; spiral

Front 33

rigor mortis

Back 33

stiffening of body 3-4 hours after death; muscles contract but cannot relax due to no ATP production ; fibers remain contracted until myofilaments decay..... calcium released from terminal cisternae

Front 34

troponin

Back 34

binds calcium; on top of tropomyosin; shorter protein

Front 35

tropomyosin

Back 35

longer protein; covers active side of actin

Front 36

red muscle fibers

Back 36

slow oxidative, slow twitch, for endurance, resistant to fatigue

Front 37

white muscle fibers

Back 37

fast twitch, enzyme rich, for speed, fatigue easily

Front 38

isometric contractions

Back 38

SAME LENGTH- develops tension but does not change length

Front 39

isotonic contractions

Back 39

SAME TONE- concentric= tension while shortening; eccentric= tension while lengthening

Front 40

voluntary muscles

Back 40

skeletal; attached to bones

Front 41

involuntary muscles

Back 41

cardiac and smooth; NEVER attached to bones; filaments do not change length in shortening (in sarcomeres)

Front 42

acetylcholine

Back 42

nuerotransmitter for muscle cells; for muscle contraction. Alzheimers disease

Front 43

muscular dystrophy

Back 43

hereditary disease; skeletal muscles; mostly in males life span is about 20 years;; links actin filaments to cell membrane, Tears membranes

Front 44

myasthenia gravis

Back 44

autoimmune disease; antibodies attack NMJ and bincd ACh receptors; women 20-40; receptors removed; treated with cholineesterase inhibitors, thymus removal, or immunosuppressive agents

Front 45

alzheimer's disease

Back 45

memory loss for recent events, moody, combative, lose ability to talk walk and eat; degeneration of ACh and nerve growth factors; diagnoses at autopsy; nuerological disease, genetic connection

Front 46

parkinson's disease

Back 46

progressive loss of motor function, no recovery; degeneration of dopamine-releasing nuerons; involuntary muscle contractions

Front 47

astrocytes

Back 47

most abundant glial cells; forms framework for CNS; contribute to BBB (blood brain barriers) and regulate composition of brain tissue fluid; star shaped... form scar tissue in brain. Sclerosis

Front 48

myelination

Back 48

begins during fetal development; rapid in infancy; complete in adolescence; forms protective covering over axons 80% lipid

Front 49

ependymal cells

Back 49

line cavities and secrete CSF ( cerebral spinal fluid) ; found in brain

Front 50

effector

Back 50

muscle organ or gland that responds or carries out action issued by central nervous system

Front 51

CNS - central nervous system

Back 51

brain and spinal cord

Front 52

visceral nervous system

Back 52

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells

Front 53

schwann cells

Back 53

myelinate fibers of PNS

Front 54

oilgodendrocytes

Back 54

form myelin sheaths in CNS; cell with few dendrites

Front 55

dopamine

Back 55

only in brain; an inhibitory catecholamine nuerotransmitter of the CNS; acts to suppress unwanted motor activity;

Front 56

catecholamines

Back 56

a subclass of biogenic amines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Front 57

epinephrine

Back 57

a catecholamine that functions as a nuerotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system and as a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; ADRENALINE

Front 58

norepinephrine

Back 58

a catecholaminethat functions as a neurotansmitter and adrenal hormone, especially in the sympathetic nervous system

Front 59

Tersa minor, infraspinatus

Back 59

External rotation of shoulder