Exam 4

Front 1

Mitosis

Back 1

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase

Telophase

Front 2

Interphase

Back 2

Doing normal cell activity

Front 3

Prophase

Back 3

Nucleus and nucleolus break apart, chromatin material starts to condense to form chromosomes

Front 4

G1 phase

Back 4

Growth. Synthesis and other cell activities

Front 5

S- Synthesis

Back 5

DNA replication

Front 6

G2 phase

Back 6

More proteins produced as cell gets ready to divide

Front 7

Metaphase

Back 7

Double chromosomes,

Line up at the equator of the cell each on their own spindle.

Front 8

Anaphase

Back 8

Double chromosomes are pulled apart. Go to opposite ends.

Front 9

Telophase

Back 9

Chromosomes reach the poles. 2 daughter nuclei form. Nucleus and nucleolus reform. Nuclei are identical.

Front 10

Cytokinesis

Back 10

Cytoplasm splits. 2 identical cells form

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

Forming of gametes (egg and sperm)

Front 12

Meiosis 1 stages

Back 12

Meiosis1, interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1,

Front 13

Prophase 1

Back 13

Nuclear envelope disappears. Spindles form, chromatin material condensed

Front 14

Metaphase 1

Back 14

Homologous chromosomes line up on the same spindle. 4 chromatids on each spindle.

Front 15

Anaphase 1

Back 15

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends

Front 16

Telophase 1

Back 16

One of each pair of homologous chromosomes reach the poles. 2n->n . Ends with 2 haploid cells that are different

Front 17

Meiosis 2

Back 17

Interkinesis between meiosis 1 and 2

Front 18

Prophase 2

Back 18

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear. Spindles form. Chromatic form chromosomes.

Front 19

Metaphase 2

Back 19

Double chromosomes line up on their own spindles.

Front 20

Anaphase 2

Back 20

Sister chromatids separate. Chromosome move to opposite poles.

Front 21

Telophase 2

Back 21

Daughter nuclei form 4 haploid nuclei. Cytokinesis. 4 haploid cells form- different.

Front 22

Centrioles

Back 22

Help make spindle fibers in cell division

Front 23

Spindles

Back 23

Protein structures

Front 24

Centromeres

Back 24

region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

Front 25

Sister chromatids

Back 25

In a double chromosome, one side is called a chromatid, the other is the sister chromatid.

Front 26

Chromatin

Back 26

Material like DNA and RNA

Front 27

Crossing over

Back 27

The exchange if genes between homologous chromosomes

Front 28

Tetrad formation

Back 28

Two homologous chromosomes lining up next to each other during prophase 1

Front 29

Synapsis

Back 29

The fusion of chromosome pairs at the beginning of meiosis

Front 30

Diploid

Back 30

2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Front 31

Haploid

Back 31

Single set of unpaired chromosomes

Front 32

Spermatogenesis

Back 32

Forming of sperm. 4 spermatids form and then mature and form 4 sperm cells

Front 33

Oogenesis

Back 33

Forming of eggs. Only 1 egg produced and 3 polar bodies

Front 34

Mitosis in plants and animals

Back 34

In plants- cell plates form

Animals- cleavage furrows form

Front 35

How many chromosomes are found in somatic cells of humans?

Back 35

46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs

Front 36

Mendels principles

Back 36

Principle of dominance

Principle of segregation

Principle of independent assortment

Front 37

Principle of dominance

Back 37

Characters are inherited in pairs and are controlled by factors- genes

Front 38

Principle of segregation

Back 38

The Gene's will separate before the gametes are produced

Front 39

The principle of independent assortment

Back 39

The characters on different chromosomes will randomly go into gametes

Front 40

Alleles

Back 40

Gene's that govern variations of the same feature located at the same location on homologous chromosomes

Front 41

Loci

Back 41

Location

Front 42

Homozygous

Back 42

The gene pair is the same- RR or rr

Front 43

Heterozygous

Back 43

The gene pair is different- Rr

Front 44

Genotype

Back 44

Pair of alleles an individual has

Front 45

Phenotype

Back 45

The outward appearance

Front 46

Linked genes

Back 46

Traits carried on genes

Front 47

Polygenetic inheritance

Back 47

Characteristics determined by an interaction of Gene's on several chromosomes or at several places on 1 chromosome.

Front 48

Pleiotrophy

Back 48

1 gene pair affects many traits.

Front 49

Recessive genotype

Back 49

individual must have two recessive alleles for the gene that determines this trait of interest.

Front 50

Barr bodies

Back 50

densely staining structure in the cell nuclei of female mammals, consisting of a condensed, inactive X chromosome.

Front 51

Sex influenced trait

Back 51

Traits that are inherited through autosomes, but expression of alleles at these loci can be altered or influenced by the sex of the animal.

Front 52

Picture of the chromosome

Back 52

Karyotype

Front 53

Used to track family characteristics

Back 53

Pedigree

Front 54

having a chromosome number that is more than double the basic or haploid number

Back 54

Polyploidy

Front 55

Chromosomes do not separate properly during anaphase 1 or anaphase 2

Back 55

Nondisjunction

Front 56

Type of disorders caused by nondisjunction

Back 56

Down syndrome

Edward's syndrome

Patau syndrome

Front 57

Female

XO

Monosomy, with only 1 X chromosome. May have learning disabilities, sterile, do not develop secondary traits, no Barr bodies, 45 chromosomes

Back 57

Turners syndrome

Front 58

XXY MALE

Have a Barr body on one of the X chromosomes, sterile, may have learning disabilities

Back 58

Klinefelter syndrome

Front 59

XXY males

Usually taller than average, heavy acne

Back 59

Jacob syndrome

Front 60

XXX female

Usually fertile female, 2 Barr body

Back 60

Triplo X

Front 61

Trisomy 21.

Three chromosomes at chromosome 21

Back 61

Down syndrome

Front 62

Changing spots when shouldn't be changed

Back 62

Translocation

Front 63

Can be controlled by diet. Person lacks an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to another amino acid. It is an inborn error of metabolism

Back 63

PKU- mental retardation

Front 64

Result of abnormal lipid metabolism in the brain. A lysosomal enzyme is missing, which results in improper liquid metabolism in cells, particularly in the nervous system

Back 64

Tay-Sach

Front 65

Results from defective ion transport, due to an abnormal chloride transport protein. Mucus builds up in the respiratory system, pancreas, and reproductive organs

Back 65

Cystic fibrosis

Front 66

Results from a hemoglobin defect. RBC is sickle shaped because of an amino acid substitution on the 6th amino acid. Causes cell blocks small venous vessels causing much pain and could shorten life span. Anemia

Back 66

Sickle- cell anemia

Front 67

Lacking a blood clotting factor

Back 67

Hemophilia

Front 68

Progressive decoration of the nervous system. Starts about 40, usually live 15 years after onset.

Back 68

Huntington disease

Front 69

Abnormalities that cause human cells to be lethal

Back 69

Nondisjunction- can make cells more lethal if occurs in autosomes