Exam 3 Positions

Front 1

Maxillary Molars and premolars VD Oblique

Back 1

Measure: Hard palatte at commissure of lips

Central ray: Maxillary 3rd premolar

Include maxillary molars and premolars.

Front 2

Maxillary molars and premolars VD oblique positioning

Back 2

Lateral recumbancy, affected side down on the cassette, then rotate patient midway on back, between lateral and VD position.

Mandible on a foam wedge at a 45 degree angle with the table surface.

Mouth wide open with radiolucent gag in place.

Front 3

Common abdominal views

Back 3

Right lateral and ventrodorsal

Front 4

Optional abdominal views

Back 4

DV, lateral decubitus view, modified lateral/ lateral oblique.

Front 5

Right abdominal lateral

Back 5

Measure caudal aspect of the 3th rib. Central ray same place at level L2-L3 in dogs, 2-3 fingerbreadths caudal to 13th rib for cats. Border Full peritoneal cavity; T7-greater trochanter.

Front 6

Right lateral abdominal positioning

Back 6

Head in a natural position, Full forelimbs cranially and sandbag, foam pad between them. Pull hindlimbs together caudally and sandbag.

Front 7

VD Abdominal view

Back 7

Measure widest part.

CR at umbilicus (canine), and 2-3 fingerbreadths caudal to 13th rib.

Border: T9-greater trochanter.

Front 8

VD Abdominal positioning

Back 8

Head gently pulled forward.

Extend forelimbs forward with sandbags.

Hindlimbs in a natural position.

Front 9

Dorsoventral abdominal view

Back 9

Head pulled forward.

Extend forelimbs forward in natural position.

Hind limbs in natural position.

Take on maximum expiration.

Front 10

Lateral Decubitus Abdominal

Back 10

Measure, center, and border as per VD.

Right lateral recumbency on a thick foam pad.

Head in natural position.

Forelimbs cranial and sandbagged.

Hindlimbs pull and sandbag caudally.

Front 11

Modified Lateral Abdominal

Back 11

Central ray as per lateral abdomen

Head in a natural position.

Hindlimbs and forelimbs cranial as to not hide membranous and penile urethra.

Front 12

Lateral Oblique Abdominal

Back 12

Head in a natural position,forelimbs cranial and sandbagged.

Dependent limb pulled caudally, pull contralateral limb out and dorsal out of the field of view.

Bungee tarsus or metatarsus.

Front 13

Routine thorax radiograph

Back 13

Right or left lateral, dorsoventral or ventrodosral

Front 14

Lateral thorax view

Back 14

Measure at caudal border of the scapula at TL spine.

CR Caudal border of scapula - between 6th and 7th rib.

Border Shoulder joint to L1

Front 15

Lateral thorax position

Back 15

Keep head in natural position.

Forelimbs pulled cranial, don't rotate thorax.

Hindlimbs Pulled together caudally.

Elevate sternum

Vertebral foramina same size

Ribs over heart and transverse processes superimposed.

Front 16

Thorax DV View

Back 16

Measure at the caudal border of the scapula.

CR midline at caudal margin of scapula, center over heart.

Border shoulder joint (thoracic inlet) to L1 body.

Front 17

Thorax DV positioning

Back 17

Head pulled forward, sandbag over neck.

Forelimbs extended cranially.

Hindlimbs in natural position.

Sternum and spine superimposed.

Ribs and thorax symmetrical.

Front 18

Thorax VD Views

Back 18

Measure at the caudal border of the scapula.

CR midline at caudal margin of the scapula.

Border thoracic inlet to L1 body.

Front 19

Thorax VD positioning

Back 19

Pull head gently forward.

Extend forelimbs cranially with nose between them.

hindlimbs in a natural position with sandbags.

Front 20

Right Lateral Decubitus View

Back 20

Verifies fluid or free air, or if patient can't bei n VD or DV.

measure caudal border of the scapula over TL spine.

CR at caudal border of the scapula, between 5h and 6th ribs.

Border at cranial point of the scapulohumeral articulation. (shoulder joint/thoracic inlet)

Front 21

Right lateral decubitus view positioning

Back 21

Head in natural position, forelimbs pulled cranially.

Pull hind limbs together caudally.

Sternum elevated.

Front 22

Horizontal Beam Standing lateral thorax

Back 22

MEasure caudal border of the scapula over the TL spine.

CR at caudal border of the scapula between 5th and 6th ribs.

Border cranial point of the scapulohumeral articulation to L1.

Position patient in natural standing position.

Front 23

Dorsoventral Thoracic Inlet thoracic view

Back 23

Calipers between ventral thoracic inlet and sternum caudal to the limbs.

CR over thoracic inlet at a 45-degree caudocranial angle.

Border cranial point of the scapulohumeral articulation (thoracic inlet). to the caudal border of the scapula.

Front 24

Dorsoventral Thoracic inlet positioning

Back 24

May need radiolucent V-trough.

Extend forelimbs cranially in natural position.

Natural flexed position of hindlimbs.

Head hyperextended so that noise is pointing up and caudal.

Front 25

Shoulder joint lateral view

Back 25

Measure at the level of the shoulder joint.

CR Scapuloumeral articulation

Border proximal 3rd of humerus and scapula.

Front 26

Scapula lateral view

Back 26

Measure cranial scapula border.

CR Center of scapula.

Border shoulder joint and caudal border of scapula.

Front 27

Shoulder joint lateral position

Back 27

Arch head and neck dorsally, sandbag neck, make a T.

Hindlimbs in natural position.

Contralateral limb as far caudal as possible, Extend affected limb downward and cranial, ventral to sternum.

Front 28

Scapula lateral position

Back 28

Pressure is more forcibly applied to the affected limb.

Pull contralateral limb caudally and dorsally.

Grab affected limb below the elbow joint, push towards spinous process.

Hindlimbs natural.

Front 29

Shoulder joint caudocranial view.

Back 29

MEasure at level of the shoulder joint.

Central ray scapulohumeral articulation.

Border proximal 3rd of humerus and scapula.

Front 30

Shoulder joint craniocaudal view

Back 30

Measure cranial scapula border.

CR central of scapula.

Border shoulder joint and and caudal border of scapula.

Front 31

Shoulder joint caudocranial positioning

Back 31

head pushed slightly laterally from affected limb.

hind limbs in natural position.

Forelimbs taped and extended cranially.

Front 32

Scapula caudocranial positioning

Back 32

Same as shoulder joint.

rotate patient's sternum 10-12 degrees

Front 33

Humerus lateral (mediolateral)

Back 33

Measure toward proximal humerus at the level of the scapulohumeral articulation.

CR midshaft of the humerus.

Border proximal to shoulder and distal to elbow joint.

Front 34

Humerus lateral positioning,

Back 34

Move head and neck upwards.

hind limbs in natural position.

contralateral forelimb caudal, affected limb downward and cranial.

Front 35

Humerus caudocranial view

Back 35

Measure midshaft toward proximal aspect.

Central ray midshaft of humerus.

Border proximal to the shoulder and distal to elbow joint.

Front 36

Humerus caudocranial view

Back 36

Head and neck parallel to humerus.

Hindlimbs in natural position.

Forelimbs Taped and extended cranially.

Front 37

Humerus craniocaudal view

Back 37

Measure midshaft of humerus toward proximal aspect.

CR midshaft of humerus.

Border proximal to shoulder and distal to elbow joint.

Front 38

Humerus craniocaudal position

Back 38

Head and neck straight

Hindlimbs in natural position.

unaffected limb cranial, affected tied to table and caudal.

Front 39

Humerus sternal recumbency

Back 39

Humeral CrCa alternate. sternal recumbency with limbs pulled forward.

Front 40

Lateral elbow jointt

Back 40

Measure thickest part of the elbow at the distal humerus.

Palpate and CR on distal humerus condyles.

Border proximal 3rd of the radius/ulna to distal 3rd of the humerus.

Front 41

Elbow joint extended lateral positioning.

Back 41

Head and neck dorsal.

Hind limbs in a natural position.

Fore limbs: contralateral limb pulled caudally, Affected limb in 120 extended position

Front 42

Elbow joint flexed lateral positioning (mediolateral).

Back 42

Measure/ CR and border all the same aside from measuring in flexed position.

Head and neck moved dorsally.

Hindlimbs in natural position.

Forelimbs: unaffected limb caudal, Flex affected elbow and tape in mediocarpal region.

Front 43

CrCd Elbow joint view

Back 43

Measure thickest part of the elbow at distal humerus.

CR humeral condyles at level of articulation.

Border proximal 3rd of the radius/ulna to distal 3rd of humerus.

Front 44

CrCd elbow joint positioning

Back 44

Hind limbs in natural position

Both forelimbs extended forward. foam pad under unaffected limb, extend affected forelimb and secure with sandbag.

Pull head and neck away from affected beam

Front 45

Elbow joint oblique view `

Back 45

Measure at distal humerus with elbow in flexed position.

CR humeral condyles.

Border proximal 3rd of the radius/ulna to distal 3rd of humerus.

Front 46

Elbow joint oblique positioning

Back 46

Pull and support affected limb cranial as possible.
Rotate patients body 30 degrees medially for medial oblique, and caudally for caudal oblique.

Front 47

Radius and ulna lateral (mediolateral) view

Back 47

Measure at site of distal humerus.

CR Midshaft of radius and ulna.

Border proximal to elbow joint and distal to carpal joint.

Front 48

Radius and ulna lateral positioning

Back 48

Lateral recumbency with affected limb down

Move head and neck dorsally.

Hindlimbs in natural position.

Caudodorsal unaffected forelimb.

Affected forelimb parallel to the image receptor, and slightly flex carpus.

Front 49

Radius and ulna CdCr view

Back 49

Measure site distal to humerus.

CR midshaft of radius and ulna.

Border proximal to the elbow joint and distal to the carpal joint.

Front 50

Radius and ulna CdCr position

Back 50

Move head and neck away from beam.

Forelimbs: Sandbag under elbow of unaffected limb.

affected forelimb extended

Front 51

Radius and Ulna CrCd

Back 51

Position in craniocaudal view.

Everything pulled away from beam, affected limb stretched out.

Front 52

Carpus lateral view

Back 52

MEasure at the carpus joint, CR middle row of carpus bones, Border proximal 3rd of of metacarpals to distal 3rds of radius and ulna.

Front 53

Metacarpus/phalanges lateral view

Back 53

Measure at the site of the metacarpal phalageal articulation.

CR At the same place.

Border metacarpus proximally to distal phalanges.

Front 54

Metacarpus/carpus/phalanges lateral position

Back 54

lateral recumbency, affected limb down .

More head and neck dorsally.

Extend contralateral limb caudal.

For digits, seperate digits to prevent superimposition.

Front 55

Hyperextended lateral carpus

Back 55

Hyperextend carpus, toes up.

Tape radius,ulna, and distal metacarpals/digits.

Front 56

Carpus hyperflexed lateral

Back 56

Neck dorsal.

Tape figure 8 pattern around metacarpals.

Flex carpus, bending toes into carpus.

Front 57

Carpus dorsopalmar.

Back 57

Measure at carpus joint.

CR middle row of carpal bones.

Border proximal 3rd of metacarpals to distal 3rd of radius/ulna.

Head displaced away from the beam
Both forelimbs forward, unaffected at proximal portion.
tie the metacarpus/digits at distal portion.

Front 58

Metacarpus/digits dorsopalmar

Back 58

MEasure at site of phalangeal metacarpal articulation. CR 3rd and 4th phalangeal metacarpal articulations.
Border metacarpus proximally to distal phalanges.
Head displaced away from the beam
Both forelimbs forward, unaffected at proximal portion.tie the metacarpus/digits at distal portion.

Front 59

Carpus - stress radiographs

Back 59

When the evaluation of the joint space is required.

tape at mid radius/ulna and distal metacarpus.

See slide 50 chapter 20 .

Front 60

Carpus lateral oblique view

Back 60

measure at carpus joint.

CR middle row of carpal bones.

Medial: 45 degrees laterally from mid-sagittal plane.

Opposite for lateral.

Front 61

Metacarpus/phalanges lat oblique view

Back 61

MEasure site of phalangeal metacarpal articulation at the level of the middle pharynx

CR 3rd and 4th phalangeal-metacarpal articulation.

Medial: 45 degrees laterally from mid-sagittal plane.

Opposite for lateral.

Front 62

Carpus/metacarpus/phalanges lat. oblique positioning

Back 62

Sternal recumbency

Head and neck displaced.

Forelimbs forwrd, affected distal metcarpus/digits pulled cranially.

Medial oblique: rotate elbow joint laterally and support with tape.

Lateral is the opposite.