Exam 3 Of Psych242

Front 1

Levels of constraint

Back 1

the degree of specificity, control, and precision a researcher has in a research setting.

Front 2

Types of Field Research (6)

Back 2

Naturalistic observation
Case studies
Archival research
Surveys
Program evaluation
Field Experiments

Front 3

Challenge of Low-Constraint Research

Back 3

Involves observation of participants in their natural surroundings
Can be difficult to observe behavior in natural surroundings
Often we are not sure what behaviors are important until we begin observations
Without the controls of the laboratory, participants are free to do what they want to do, and not what we are hoping to observe

Front 4

Naturalistic Observation

Back 4

--Involves observing the natural flow of behavior in a natural setting
No effort to control the behavior
Behavior is described
--A flexible strategy
Allows the researcher to shift attention to behaviors that seem interesting

Front 5

When to Use Naturalistic Observation/Low-Constraint Research

Back 5

For questions involving the natural flow of behavior
When first studying a research area
When testing the feasibility of a procedure
As a way of discovering contingencies
When interested in a single individual
To test the generalizability of laboratory findings

Front 6

Experimenter Reactivity

Back 6

When the researcher/experimenter influences the subjects

Front 7

Measurement Reactivity

Back 7

When the subjects act different because they are being observed

Front 8

Reactive Measures

Back 8

Enhance Reactivity

Front 9

Nonreactive Measures

Back 9

Minimize reactivity

Front 10

Sampling of situation

Back 10

Individuals might act different in different situations

- Best to experiment with multiple situations

(Naturalistic Observations)

Front 11

Sampling of Behavior

Back 11

Might behave differently even in the same situation

- Best to experiment many times

(Naturalistic Observations)

Front 12

Confound results only if:

Back 12

1) Variable affects dependent v.
2) Variable varies in the 2 groups

Front 13

Testing Research Hypothesis
Which three are we testing for?

Back 13

- The null hypothesis
- The confounding variable hypo.
- The causal hypothesis

Front 14

Types of Validity

Back 14

- Statistical
- Construct
- External
- Internal

Front 15

Statistical Validity

Back 15

Are the statistical test correct? Were they correctly measured?

Front 16

Construct Validity

Back 16

Where you testing for what you were suppose to be testing for?

Or are there are explanations for your result? - bad

Front 17

External Validity

Back 17

Can this be applied to the general population? Did you have a good sample size/random

Front 18

Internal Validity

Back 18

Did the independent responsible for changes in dependent? Is it really causal?

- Can be affected by confounding variables

Front 19

Threats to Validity

Back 19

- Maturation
- Intrumentation Change
- Selection (groups must be equal in all aspects - time of day, gender, etc.)

Front 20

Statistical Regression

Back 20

Tendency for scores to be average on a re-take even if they do just as well.

Front 21

Attrition

Back 21

Lose of study participants

Front 22

Diffusion of Treatments

Back 22

Change in behavior due to knowledge learned from others in study

Front 23

Sequence Effects

Back 23

Test sequence may affect subsequent scores

Front 24

Testing effect

Back 24

Testing the same individual over and over again may impact their scores

Front 25

SUBJECT EFFECT

Back 25

Try to pick up on clues as to how they SHOULD respond

Front 26

Reactivity

Back 26

Change in behavior once they know they are in a study

Front 27

Demand Characteristics

Back 27

Clues actually give to participants to "Tell" them how they should act

they way the question is worded; expression on researcher's face

Front 28

Subject Roles

Back 28

Good Subjects
Negative Subjects
Apprehensive Subjects
Faithful Subjects

Front 29

Good subjects

Back 29

do what they think the researcher wants

Front 30

Bad subjects

Back 30

does the opposite of what the researcher wants

Front 31

Apprehensive subjects

Back 31

behaves in a way that is socially acceptable

Front 32

Faithful subject

Back 32

Honest

Front 33

Response sets

Back 33

Predisposition to respond a certain way, no matter what the context of the question is

Front 34

Random sampling

Back 34

Every participant has an equal chance of being sampled

Front 35

Stratified random sampling

Back 35

Random sampling within strata (subgroups)

Front 36

Ad hoc samples

Back 36

Random sample from accessible population
-Must generalize cautiously
-Should describe sample to help define limits of generalization