Exam 3 Nurs 110 Pathophysiology

Front 1

Differentiate Between Nosocomial and Community Acquired? (P.771)

Back 1

- Noscomial – Infection Acquired During Hospitalization
- Community Acquired – Infections Acquired in the Community

Front 2

What Causes Pneumonia? (P.771)

Back 2

- Infection of Lower Respiratory Tract
- Caused By Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protazoa, or Parasites
- Typically in Community Acquired Stretococcus Pneumonia (Too Many, See Page 772)

Front 3

List Type of Organism that Causes TB? (P.773)

Back 3

- Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis An Acid-Fast Bacillus
- Individuals with AIDS are Highly Susceptible

Front 4

Describe how TB is Transmitted from Person to Person? (P.774)

Back 4

- Person to Person via Airborne Droplets
- Lodge in Lung Periphery (Upper Lobe)
- Once Inspired into Lung Cause Pneumonitis (Lung Inflammation)

Front 5

Describe the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism? (P.775)

Back 5

- Occulsion of Pulmonary Vascular Bed by Embolus Commonly Thrombi
- Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Dyspnea, & Anxiety

Front 6

Describe the Probable Outcome of a Massive PE? (P.776)

Back 6

- Shock, Hypotension, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Severe Pulmonary Tension

Front 7

What are Measures to Prevent Pulmonary embolism (P.776)

Back 7

- Prevention through Risk Factor Analysis
- Prevent Venous Stasis By Leg Elevation & Pneumatic Calf Compression
- Prevented by Low Dose Anticoagulant Therapy

Front 8

Differentiate between Cerebral and Brain Death? (P.363)

Back 8

Cerebral Death:
- Irreversible Coma
- Death of Cerebrum
- Brain Can Maintain Homeostasis

Brain Death:
- Brain is Damaged so Completely it Cannot Recover
- Brain Cannot Maintain Homeostasis
- Irreversible Cessation of Entire Brain

Front 9

Describe the Criteria for Brain Death? (P.363)

Back 9

- State Laws Define: Irreversible Cessation of Function of Entire Brain
- Flat EEG for 6 to 12 Hours

Front 10

Describe the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine and it’s Implications for ICP? (From Dave)

Back 10

- Skull is a rigid compartment
- Made of: Brain, Blood, and CSF
- If One Component Increases without a Decrease in Atleast Another, ICP Goes Up

Front 11

List the Term Used to Describe Infected Pleural Effusion? (P.760)

Back 11

- Empyema
- Caused By Staphylococcus Aureus, E. Coli, Anaerobic Bacteria, Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Front 12

What Chronic Lung Condition is Thought to be Caused by Interactions Between Genetic and Environmental Factors? (P.764)

Back 12

- Asthma

Front 13

What Life Threatening Condition is Characterized by Prolonged Bronchospasm and Hypoxemia? (P.766)

Back 13

- Status Asthmaticus

Front 14

What is the Chronic Lung Condition that Results in Increased and Thickened Mucous that Leads to Airway Closure? (P.768)

Back 14

- Chronic Bronchitis

Front 15

List Common Causes of Chronic Bronchitis? (P.768)

Back 15

- Tobacco Smoke
- Air Pollution

Front 16

What is the Underlying Pathophysiology of Emphysema that Results in Airway Obstruction? (P.770)

Back 16

- Destruction of Alveolar Septa Which Eliminates Pulmonary Capillary Bed
- Loss of Normal Elastic Recoil of Bronchi

Front 17

What Part of the Pathophysiology of Emphysema Causes the Barrel Chest (Increase in AP Chest Diameter)? (P.770)

Back 17

- Mucus
- Air Trappings Cause Hyperexpansion Putting Respiration Muscles at Disadvantage
- Destruction of Alveolar Septum

Front 18

Which is the Major Neurotransmitter Lacking in Parkinsons Disease. What are the Common Signs/Symptoms? (P.414)

Back 18

- Degenerative Disease of Basal Ganglia
- Involves Failure of Dopaminergic Nigrostital Pathways
- Depletion of Dopamine & Excess Cholinergic Activity

Front 19

Define: Orthopnea, Kussmauls, Cheyne Stokes, Hematemesis? (P.752)

Back 19

- Orthopnea – Dyspnea when Lying Down. Body Water Puts Pressure on Diaphragm
- Kussmauls – Strenuous Exercise/Metabolic Acidosis; Large Tidal Volume No Pause
- Cheyne Stokes – Alternating Deep/Shallow Breathing; Impairment of Brain Stem with Low Blood Flow
- Hematemesis – Vomiting Of Blood; Dark Red Color
- Hemoptysis – Coughing of Blood; Bright Red Color

Front 20

Describe the Heart Condition that may Manifest with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea? (P.752)

Back 20

- Left Ventricular Failure

Front 21

Describe the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema? (P.756)

Back 21

- Dyspnea
- Hypoxemia
- Increased Work of Breathing

Front 22

Explain the Common Etiology of Aspiration Pneumonia? (P.757)

Back 22

- Aspiration of Large Food Particles or Foreign Bodies
- Aspiration of Gastric Juices
- No Food/Water Before Surgery
- Nasogastric Tubes Can Cause Aspiration

Front 23

Explain why a Spinal Cord Injury in the Cervical Region may be Life Threatening? (P.397)

Back 23

- May Cause Impairment of Diaphragm Function (Phrenic Nerves C3-C5)

Front 24

Explain the Cause, Signs/Symptoms of Autonomic Hyperreflexia? (P.400)

Back 24

- Occurs After Spinal Shock Resolves
- Uncompensated Response to Cardiovascular Stimulation
- High Blood Pressure; Pounding Headache; Blurred Vision

Front 25

List the Risk Factors for Thrombotic Strokes? (P.404)

Back 25

- Atherosclerosis & Inflammatory Disease Process

Front 26

Describe the Signs and Symptoms of a TIA (Differentiate with S/S of a CVA)? (P.404)

Back 26

Transiet Ischemic Attacks:
- Platelets Clumps Causing Intermittent Blockage of Circulation
- Causes Neurologic Deficits, which clear in 24 Hours

Cerebrovascular Accident:
- Reached Maximum Destructiveness in Producing Neurologic Deficits

Front 27

Describe the S/S of a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? (P.407)

Back 27

- Blood Escapes from Defective or Injured Vessel Into Subarchnoid Space
- Headaches, Changes in LOC, Nausea, Vomiting, Motor Deficits
- Tested by Kernig Sign and Brudzinski Sign

Front 28

Describe the Early Signs/Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? (P.413)

Back 28

- Forgetfulness
- Emotional Upset
- Memory Loss

Front 29

Differentiate between Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Stroke and Associated Risk Factors? (P.405)

Back 29

Thrombotic:
- Arteries Supplying Brain Occluded By Thrombi
- Increased Coagulation
- Inadequate Cerebral Profusion: Dehydration, Hypotension, Prolonged Vasoconstriction

Hemorrhagic:
- Ruptured Aneurysms or Vascular Malformations
- Risks Associated with Hypertension
- Bleeding Tumor, Head Trauma, Illicit Drug Use

Front 30

Describe the Difference Between a Coup and Contrecoup Injury? (P.393)

Back 30

- Coup Injury: Impact Against an Object
- Contrecoup Injry: Impact within the Skull

Front 31

Describe the difference between Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
(Know Signs and Symptoms, Risk Factors)? (P.394)

Back 31

- Subdural – Between Dura and Arachnoid Layers;

- Extradural (Epidural) – Artery is Most Common Source of Bleeding; Temporal Site is Most Common; Loss of Consciousness Followed By Alertness

Front 32

Explain Why Basilar Skull Fractures are at Risk for Meningeal Infections? (P.396)

Back 32

- Cannot Be Seen with X-Ray or CAT Scan.
- Look for Clinical Manifestations

Front 33

Describe the Signs/Symptoms of a Mild Concussion? (P.395)

Back 33

- Confusion
- Temporary Memory Loss