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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Differentiate Between Nosocomial and Community Acquired? (P.771)
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- Noscomial – Infection Acquired During Hospitalization
- Community Acquired – Infections Acquired in the Community |
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What Causes Pneumonia? (P.771)
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- Infection of Lower Respiratory Tract
- Caused By Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protazoa, or Parasites - Typically in Community Acquired Stretococcus Pneumonia (Too Many, See Page 772) |
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List Type of Organism that Causes TB? (P.773)
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- Caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis An Acid-Fast Bacillus
- Individuals with AIDS are Highly Susceptible |
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Describe how TB is Transmitted from Person to Person? (P.774)
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- Person to Person via Airborne Droplets
- Lodge in Lung Periphery (Upper Lobe) - Once Inspired into Lung Cause Pneumonitis (Lung Inflammation) |
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Describe the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism? (P.775)
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- Occulsion of Pulmonary Vascular Bed by Embolus Commonly Thrombi
- Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Dyspnea, & Anxiety |
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Describe the Probable Outcome of a Massive PE? (P.776)
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- Shock, Hypotension, Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Severe Pulmonary Tension
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What are Measures to Prevent Pulmonary embolism (P.776)
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- Prevention through Risk Factor Analysis
- Prevent Venous Stasis By Leg Elevation & Pneumatic Calf Compression - Prevented by Low Dose Anticoagulant Therapy |
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Differentiate between Cerebral and Brain Death? (P.363)
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Cerebral Death:
- Irreversible Coma - Death of Cerebrum - Brain Can Maintain Homeostasis Brain Death: - Brain is Damaged so Completely it Cannot Recover - Brain Cannot Maintain Homeostasis - Irreversible Cessation of Entire Brain |
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Describe the Criteria for Brain Death? (P.363)
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- State Laws Define: Irreversible Cessation of Function of Entire Brain
- Flat EEG for 6 to 12 Hours |
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Describe the Monroe-Kellie Doctrine and it’s Implications for ICP? (From Dave)
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- Skull is a rigid compartment
- Made of: Brain, Blood, and CSF - If One Component Increases without a Decrease in Atleast Another, ICP Goes Up |
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List the Term Used to Describe Infected Pleural Effusion? (P.760)
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- Empyema
- Caused By Staphylococcus Aureus, E. Coli, Anaerobic Bacteria, Klebsiella Pneumoniae |
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What Chronic Lung Condition is Thought to be Caused by Interactions Between Genetic and Environmental Factors? (P.764)
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- Asthma
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What Life Threatening Condition is Characterized by Prolonged Bronchospasm and Hypoxemia? (P.766)
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- Status Asthmaticus
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What is the Chronic Lung Condition that Results in Increased and Thickened Mucous that Leads to Airway Closure? (P.768)
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- Chronic Bronchitis
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List Common Causes of Chronic Bronchitis? (P.768)
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- Tobacco Smoke
- Air Pollution |
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What is the Underlying Pathophysiology of Emphysema that Results in Airway Obstruction? (P.770)
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- Destruction of Alveolar Septa Which Eliminates Pulmonary Capillary Bed
- Loss of Normal Elastic Recoil of Bronchi |
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What Part of the Pathophysiology of Emphysema Causes the Barrel Chest (Increase in AP Chest Diameter)? (P.770)
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- Mucus
- Air Trappings Cause Hyperexpansion Putting Respiration Muscles at Disadvantage - Destruction of Alveolar Septum |
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Which is the Major Neurotransmitter Lacking in Parkinsons Disease. What are the Common Signs/Symptoms? (P.414)
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- Degenerative Disease of Basal Ganglia
- Involves Failure of Dopaminergic Nigrostital Pathways - Depletion of Dopamine & Excess Cholinergic Activity |
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Define: Orthopnea, Kussmauls, Cheyne Stokes, Hematemesis? (P.752)
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- Orthopnea – Dyspnea when Lying Down. Body Water Puts Pressure on Diaphragm
- Kussmauls – Strenuous Exercise/Metabolic Acidosis; Large Tidal Volume No Pause - Cheyne Stokes – Alternating Deep/Shallow Breathing; Impairment of Brain Stem with Low Blood Flow - Hematemesis – Vomiting Of Blood; Dark Red Color - Hemoptysis – Coughing of Blood; Bright Red Color |
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Describe the Heart Condition that may Manifest with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea? (P.752)
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- Left Ventricular Failure
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Describe the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema? (P.756)
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- Dyspnea
- Hypoxemia - Increased Work of Breathing |
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Explain the Common Etiology of Aspiration Pneumonia? (P.757)
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- Aspiration of Large Food Particles or Foreign Bodies
- Aspiration of Gastric Juices - No Food/Water Before Surgery - Nasogastric Tubes Can Cause Aspiration |
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Explain why a Spinal Cord Injury in the Cervical Region may be Life Threatening? (P.397)
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- May Cause Impairment of Diaphragm Function (Phrenic Nerves C3-C5)
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Explain the Cause, Signs/Symptoms of Autonomic Hyperreflexia? (P.400)
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- Occurs After Spinal Shock Resolves
- Uncompensated Response to Cardiovascular Stimulation - High Blood Pressure; Pounding Headache; Blurred Vision |
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List the Risk Factors for Thrombotic Strokes? (P.404)
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- Atherosclerosis & Inflammatory Disease Process
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Describe the Signs and Symptoms of a TIA (Differentiate with S/S of a CVA)? (P.404)
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Transiet Ischemic Attacks:
- Platelets Clumps Causing Intermittent Blockage of Circulation - Causes Neurologic Deficits, which clear in 24 Hours Cerebrovascular Accident: - Reached Maximum Destructiveness in Producing Neurologic Deficits |
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Describe the S/S of a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage? (P.407)
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- Blood Escapes from Defective or Injured Vessel Into Subarchnoid Space
- Headaches, Changes in LOC, Nausea, Vomiting, Motor Deficits - Tested by Kernig Sign and Brudzinski Sign |
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Describe the Early Signs/Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? (P.413)
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- Forgetfulness
- Emotional Upset - Memory Loss |
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Differentiate between Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Stroke and Associated Risk Factors? (P.405)
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Thrombotic:
- Arteries Supplying Brain Occluded By Thrombi - Increased Coagulation - Inadequate Cerebral Profusion: Dehydration, Hypotension, Prolonged Vasoconstriction Hemorrhagic: - Ruptured Aneurysms or Vascular Malformations - Risks Associated with Hypertension - Bleeding Tumor, Head Trauma, Illicit Drug Use |
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Describe the Difference Between a Coup and Contrecoup Injury? (P.393)
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- Coup Injury: Impact Against an Object
- Contrecoup Injry: Impact within the Skull |
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Describe the difference between Subdural and Epidural Hematoma
(Know Signs and Symptoms, Risk Factors)? (P.394) |
- Subdural – Between Dura and Arachnoid Layers;
- Extradural (Epidural) – Artery is Most Common Source of Bleeding; Temporal Site is Most Common; Loss of Consciousness Followed By Alertness |
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Explain Why Basilar Skull Fractures are at Risk for Meningeal Infections? (P.396)
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- Cannot Be Seen with X-Ray or CAT Scan.
- Look for Clinical Manifestations |
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Describe the Signs/Symptoms of a Mild Concussion? (P.395)
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- Confusion
- Temporary Memory Loss |