Exam 3 Microbiology Summer 2010

Front 1

What does a macrophage do to a bacteria?

Back 1

Macrophages move to engulf bacteria.

Front 2

What is immunity?

Back 2

IMMUNITY
The ability to resist infection.

Front 3

What is infection?

Back 3

INFECTION
Where the microbe colonizes, evades defenses and grows faster than host response.

Front 4

What are the two types of immunity?

Back 4

1. Non Specific (innate) Immunity
First & Second Line of Defense

2. Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
3rd Line of Defense

Front 5

In Non- Specific (innate) Immunity, what composes the 1st line of defense?

Back 5

In Non- Specific (innate) Immunity, 1st line of defense
a) intact skin
b) Mucous membranes and their secretions
c) Normal Microbiota

Front 6

In Non- Specific (innate) Immunity, what composes the 2nd line of defense?

Back 6

In Non- Specific (innate) Immunity, 2nd line of defense
a) Phagocytic white blood cells
b) Inflammation
c) Fever
d) Antimicrobial sunstances

Front 7

In Specific (adaptive) Immunity, what composes the 3rd line of defense?

Back 7

Specific (adaptive) Immunity; the 3rd line of defense.
a) Specialized Lymphocytes B and T cells
b) Antibodies

Front 8

What are some physical (anatomical) barriers for non specific 1st line of defense?

Back 8

physical (anatomical) barriers
a) removal of inhaled particles through breathing and coughin
b) Skin- physical barrier
c) Mucus and cilia which is glycoprotein based that lines the esophagus and other entryways to trap and move foreign microbes.
c) Flushing of the urinary tract so it does not create backflow to GI tract and releases waste.

Front 9

What are some chemical barriers for non specific 1st line of defense?

Back 9

chemical barriers prevent growth for non specific 1st line of defense
a) Anti microbial factors in saliva (lysozyme, perioxidase, lactoferrin)
b) Lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycne) in secretions and phagocytes.
c)Barrier like fatty acids, sweats with low PH (High salinity or salt content) and are acidic. Cebum Fatty acids in our hair makes our skin oily but has acidic low PH.
c) Acid in stomach
d) Rapid Ph changes from stomach to intestines.

Front 10

What are some Normal Microbiota for non specific 1st line of defense?

Back 10

Normal Microbiota for non specific 1st line of defense using 3 types of Symbioses

a) Commensals (bacteria benefits but not the other) and is neither good or bad

b) Beneficial

c) protection by other microbes since they attack other foreign microbes or inhibit other type of species growth

Front 11

Summarize Physical & Chemical Barriers to Infection; Intact Skin.

Back 11

Physical & Chemical Barriers to Infection; Intact Skin
* Water-repellent - keratin in outermost layer
* Continual shedding of dead cells
* Thick, fibrous dermis
Low pH (3-5) of fungistatic fatty acid in sebum secreted onto skin
* High salinity - salt residue from perspiration

Front 12

Summarize Physical & Chemical Barriers to Infection; Mucous Membrane.

Back 12

Physical & Chemical Barriers to Infection; Mucous Membrane

* Bathed with sticky mucus
Ciliary escalator
* Flushing & peristalsis
Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids
Low pH (1.2-3.0) of gastric juice
* Transferrins in blood bind iron

Front 13

T or F
A breach in the anatomical barriers can leave the host open to infection

Back 13

True

Front 14

Summarize the protective effect of normal microbiota.

Back 14

protective effect of normal microbiota


Normal microbiota protect the host by successful microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion):

1) adhering to binding sites on host cells preventing attachment by pathogens
2) making the environment less hospitable to potential pathogens by altering the pH (secreting acids)
3) producing bacteriocins (antimicrobials)
4) stimulating host’s immune system

Front 15

True or False

T or F
Disruption of the microbial balance does not leave host vulnerable to overgrowth by opportunistic pathogens

Back 15

FALSE
Disruption of the microbial balance leaves host vulnerable to overgrowth by opportunistic pathogens

Front 16

What is microbiota?

Back 16

Fancy word for microorganisms

Front 17

What can microbial antagonism do?

Back 17

Microbial Antagonism can secreted acids and make antibodies and they compete with each other for survival.

Front 18

What is competitive exclusion.

Back 18

Microbes that are very specific on preferences in order to attack or maintain an optimum environment.

Front 19

How do pathogens and bacteria enter the body for babies?

Back 19

When the imbryotic fluid is broken a baby is exposed to the mothers diseases and other microbes. It is usually during birth and or in the birth canal that microbes are picked up.

Front 20

Where is the Thymus located and why is it not present in adults?

Back 20

Thymus-
Located above the heart and is found only in young children which is centralized to create lymphocytes to combat infection. In adults, creation of lymphocytes occur in red marrow (spongy area inside bone).

Front 21

What is the lymphatic system and its purpose?

Back 21

Lymphatic system is like the bodies network of creating, housing and transporting lymphocytes (white blood cells) in order to combat infection.

Front 22

What does it mean when the lymphatic system is decentralized?

Back 22

Lymphatic system is decentralized because many different organs are in different places in the body.


Anatomically decentralized:
1. Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
Thymus
2. Secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
3. Lymphatic vessels

Front 23

When a person has enlarged lymph nodes, what is happening?

Back 23

Bacteria accumulation response means more lymphocytes are being made in the lymph nodes where they are collected and are found in the cervical (near head), hip, and axillary (legs).

Front 24

T or F
The bone marrow creates hematopoetic stem cells that can specialize into all kinds of different cells including leukocytes (white blood cells)

Back 24

True

Front 25

What are the 3 different types of stem cells?

Back 25

1) Hematopoetic stem cells created in bone marrow that can form into
2) Stem Cells for all except lymphocytes
3) Lymphoid Stem Cells

Front 26

What is the most common type of cell?

Back 26

Blood Cells

Front 27

What is the root word "THROMBO" mean?

Back 27

THROMBO = CLOT
means clot thus thrombocytes help clot blood

Front 28

What do red blood cell carry?

Back 28

Oxygen

Front 29

What are megakaryocytes and what do they produce?

Back 29

Megakaryocytes are one type of specialized cell that is made by stem cells that remains in the bone marrow and are very big and produce platelets or thrombocytes in order to help clot blood.

Front 30

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Back 30

Granulocytes

1) Eosinophils (red= eosin)
2) Basophils (blue = baso)
3) Nuetrophils (pink)

*all the granulocytes end in phils and are distinguished by the granules in the cytoplasm of the cell and multi lobed nucleus.

Front 31

What are the 3 other Leukocytes (white blood cells) other than the granulocytes?

Back 31

1) Monocytes that turn into
a) Macrophages that stays in tissues.
b) Dendritic Cells (not found in blood)

2) T lymphocytes process in thymus. T for Thymus

3) B lymphocytes process in bone marrow. B for Bone marrow. (found in plasma cells)

*lymphocytes stain blue

Front 32

What are macrophages and dendritic cells that are derived from monocytes also called?

Back 32

Mononuclear phagocytes (one nucleas foreign eaters by engulfing)

Front 33

What is leukocytosis?

Back 33

increase in Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Front 34

What is Leukopenia?

Back 34

decrease in Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Front 35

T or F
Leukocytosis and Leukopenia are some indicators for leukemia.

Back 35

True

Front 36

T or F
non specific immune cells like luekocytes (white blood cells) are generalized and not specific and have slow response.

Back 36

False
non specific immune cells like luekocytes (white blood cells) are generalized and not specific and have QUICK response.

Front 37

What am I?

Back 37

Monocytes (circulates; ~ 3 – 8% of WBC’s)
* Precursor cell to macrophages and dendritic cells
* Circulate in bloodstream until needed in tissues
* Differentiate in the tissues into macrophages

Front 38

What am I?

Back 38

Macrophages (in tissues)
* Professional phagocytes; inflammation
* Recruit more phagocytes for rapid removal of invader
* Can be “activated” to increase killing power
* Always present as a “sentry” in certain tissues

Front 39

What am I?

Back 39

Neutrophils (circulates; ~ 60 - 70% of WBC’s)
* Rapid responder
* Recruited to tissues during inflammation
* Granules: highly phagocytic; effective against bacteria
* Short-lived

Front 40

What am I?

Back 40

Basophils (circulates; ~ 0.5 - 1% of WBC’s)
* Inflammation; allergic response
* Granules: produce histamine; vasodilator
* Mast cells perform same role in tissues

(Bases require fire thus inflammation and masts are bases thus mast cells)

Front 41

Back 41

Eosinophils (circulates; ~ 2 - 4% of WBC’s)
* Allergic response; toxic to parasites
* Granules: triggered to release degradation enzymes
* Somewhat phagocytic

(sounds like easy no = toxic allergic red)

Front 42

Summarize Cytokines.

Back 42

Cytokines – Chemical Communication

1) Surface receptors – detect chemical components of microbes
2) Communicate findingsby release of cytokines - protein messengers
3) Cytokines picked up by other immune cells
4) Triggers response to original stimulus

Front 43

Summarize Chemokines.

Back 43

Chemokines - chemical attractants inducing chemotaxis.

Front 44

What are the complement systems 3 protective outcomes?

Back 44

1) Opsonization (sounds like option as friend or foe thus flags enemies)

2) Inflammation (Gathers troops or phagocytes by allowing to enter through blood vessels)

3) MAC (membrane Attack Complex)

Front 45

Back 45

Opsonization (protein)
Flags foreign material and microbes by attachement of Complement Cell C3b for destruction by phagocytes.

Front 46

Back 46

Inflammation- mast cells surrounded by histamine which is a chemical dialator that enlarges the diameter of the blood vessels allowing recruitment and collection of immune cells. The 1st responders are neutrophils.
Degranulation is the release of histamines.

Front 47

What is degranulation?

Back 47

Degranulation is the release of histamines.

Front 48

Back 48

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that creates several donut like holes in pathogen though use of complement cells c5-c9 which helps to destabalize pathogens. Most effective again gram negative bacteria because it tears through inner and outer membrane.