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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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* Anatomy |
* is the study of an organism’s physical nature |
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* Physiology |
* is the study of how the physical structures in an organism function |
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1. Know the biological hierarchy. |
• Anatomy and physiology can be studied at many different levels. The levels of organization within an organism are not independent of each other — they are tightly integrated 1.Biological Hierarchy |
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What are the four major types of human adult tissues? |
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Tissues are a group of similar cells that function as a unit * There are four categories of human adult tissues o Connective o Nervous
o Epithelial |
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Know the four types of CT, and examples of each |
* Connective tissue consists of cells that are loosely arranged in a liquid, jelly-like, or solid ECM. The extra cellular membrane is secreted by the Connective Tissue cells themselves * The nature of the matrix determines the nature of the connective tissue. We have four major types: o LOOSE * Dense * Supporting Fluid |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue? Which is under voluntary control? |
* Muscle tissue functions in movement, and is composed of cells that contract * Skeletal muscle pumps blood throughout the body (voluntary movement) * Cardiac muscle pumps blood throughout the body (involuntary movement) Smooth muscle lines the walls of the digestive tract and the blood vessels (involuntary movement) * Muscles tissues are composed of cells that contract. The three types of muscle tissue have distinct structures and functions |
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What does nervous tissue consist of? |
* Nervous tissue consists of neurons and several types of supporting cells Short, branching dendrites transmit electrical signals from other cells to the cell body. The longer axon carries electrical signals from the cell body to other cells |
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What are the functions of epithelial tissue? Also know that it has polarity. |
* Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body, lines the surface of organs, and may form glands several tissues * It forms an interface between the interior and exterior of an organ or organism * It provides protection and creates a barrier, regulating which materials pass across body surfaces Epithelial tissue has polarity |
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What is the relationship between animal size and BMR? Why? |
Metabolic Rate *Metabolic rate is the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual * The consumption of energy is measured as the basal metabolic rate (BMR) * The BMR is the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest with an empty stomach, under normal temperature and moisture conditions * BMR is measured in mL of O_2 consumed per gram of body mass per hour As an Organism’s Size Increases, Its Mass-Specific Metabolic Rate Must Decrease • Otherwise, the surface area available for exchange of materials would fail to keep up with the metabolic demands generated but the organisms enzymes |
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What are the three general components of homeostatic systems? Give a brief description of what each does. |
Homeostatic Systems Consist of Three General Components: 1. Structures that senses some aspect of the environment 2. interprets info, determine if a response is necessary 3. restores the desired internal condition |
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How do humans exercise thermoregulation? Know the homeostatic system components for mammalian thermoregulation, as discussed in class. |
Thermoregulation *Heat exchange is critical in animal physiology * Overheating can cause proteins to denature * Low body temperatures can slow down enzyme function and energy production The two extremes in the animal kingdom are endothermic homeotherms and ectothermic heterotherms. Most mammals, including humans, as well as most birds are endothermic homeotherms, while most fish, invertibrates, reptiles, and amphibians are ectothermic heterotherms. |
