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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does Mitosis occur?
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In Eukaryotic cells mitosis only occurs in somatic cells
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What type of cells and what is the end results for the chromosome?
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End result for the chromosome is maintenance of diploid chromosome (2n) after cell division
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What stage in the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
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DNA replicates during the S stage during interphase
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What are sister chromatids?
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Sister chromatids: Original and duplicated chromosome that are attached to each other
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What are sister nucleosomes?
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Nucleosomes: DNA that spools twice around a histone protein (smallest unit of nuclear organization)
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What are sister centromere?
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Centromere: Attachment site for sister chromatids
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What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?
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interval of cell growth, before DNA replication (chromosomes unduplicated)
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What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
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Interval of cell growth, when DNA replication is completed (chromosomes duplicated)
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What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
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Interval following DNA replication; cell prepares to divide.
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What stages occur during mitosis?
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Telophase, Abaphase, metaphase, prophase
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What stages occur during interphase?
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G1, S, G2
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What happens during Prophase of mitosis?
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Chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle tethers sister chromatids to opposite spindle poles
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What happens during Metaphase of mitosis?
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All duplicated chromosomes are aligned midway between spindle poles (spindle equator)
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What happens during Anaphase of mitosis?
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Microtubules move sister chromatids apart to opposite spindle poles
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What happens during Telophase of mitosis?
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Nuclear envelope forms around two clusters of decondensing chromosomes
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What is the purpose of microtubules during mitosis?
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Forms the mitotic spindle, network of microtubules grows from opposite sides of the cell during mitosis. Some overlap in the middle of the cell. Purpose is to pull apart sister chromatids during anaphase
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Where do they attach?
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They attach at the mitotic spindle and centromere
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Cell division is different between plant and animal cells, what are the differences? Where does division take place in the cell?
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Animal Cells:Microfilaments at Spindle equator
Plant Cells: Vesicles form At spindle equator |
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Describe the difference between asexual reproduction
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Single parent produces offspring
All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent, clone of parent. |
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Describe the difference between sexual reproduction.
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Meiosis: Sorts chromosomes into parcels twice with two cell divisions - Chromosomes go from 2n to 1n
Gamete production Fertilization: Union of gametes |
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What happens after meiosis
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After meiosis, each gamete ends up with half of the paternal chromosomes, one of each type.
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What happens during Meiosis
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Meiosis has reduced the diploid (2n) paternal chromosomes number by half; to a haploid number (n)
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Whats an example of the haploid #
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Example: Human gametes are haploid and have 23 chromosomes so the n = 23.
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Why do chromosomes rearrange during Prophase I?
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Each chromosome attaches to its homologue All four chromatids are closely aligned
Nonsister chromosomes xchange segments Reason for rearrangement or gene Swapping is to exchange different alleles |
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How does the separation of chromosomes in Metaphase I increase variability?
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Maternal and paternal chromosomes are randomly aligned
Randomness increases variability in gametes |
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What step does the chromosome duplicate in meiosis?
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Prior to Meiosis I during Interphase
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Why does it not occur between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
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DNA duplication doesn’t occur due to there is no interphase step between Meiosis I and II and kepts the chromosomes in haploid configuration.
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Describe why after Telophase I there is haploid (n) of chromosomes.
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After Telophase I the divided cell contains haploid (n) number or one type of chromosomes, but the chromosome is actually duplicated sister chromatids.
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What happens to keep the haploid (n) at the end of Telophase II.
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After Telophase II the sister chromatids are separated, resulting in overall 4 haploid (n) gametes.
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What is Mitosis
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Functions
Asexual reproduction Growth, repair Occurs in somatic cells Produces clones |
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What is Meiosis
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Sexual reproduction
Occurs in germ cells Produces variable offspring |
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Define Benign tumor
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Is slow growing and cells retain surface recognitions proteins that keep them in a specific area
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Define Malignant Tumor
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Rapidly dividing, break loose from specific area, slip into and out of blood vessels, grossly disfigured, invade other tissues where they do not belong.
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What are the four things that make up demographics?
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Size, Age structure: including reproductive base, population density, population disribution
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What are the three possible population distributions found in nature?
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Clumped,nearly uniform, random.
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Define Biotic Potential
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Biotic Potential: maximum rate of increase per individual under ideal conditions
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What are the four stages found in the demographic transition model?
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Preindustrial, Transitional idustrial, and postindurtrial.
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What type of age structure is found in Preindustrial
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(Zero Growth)Birth and Death rates are high, growth rate is low:
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What type of age structure is found in Transitional
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(Rapid growth)Food production and Health care improve so death rate drops, but birth rate is high:
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What type of age structure is found in industrial
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(Slow growth)Population growth slows dramatically, smaller urban families:
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What type of age structure is found in post industrial
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(Negative growth)Growth rate is negative, birth rate falls below death rate, population size slowly decreases:
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Define Gametophyte
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haploid (n) gamete-making body
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Define Sporophyte
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diploid (2n) multicelled structure that develops from the fusing of two gametes
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What age did seedless vascular plants dominate?
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350 million years ago during Carboniferous
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Define Microspore
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Microspore is a pollen grain that contains an immature male gametophyte
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Define Megaspore
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Megaspore is larger female gametophyte and forms on the sporophyte in specializes structure called ovules
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Define gymnosperms
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In gymnosperms, pollen and ovules develop in respective cones. In angiosperms, pollen forms in stamen and megaspore ovule develops in ovary
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: What is the dominate gymnosperm found in this area?
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Dominate form in our area is the conifer
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How long does the pollen tube take to get to the female gametophyte
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Pollen tube can take a year to reach the egg
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How many sperm are required to fertilize an angiosperm’s female gametophyte?
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2
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What are the three major groups of angiosperms?
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Magnolids, Eudicots, and Monocots
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What are the three embryonic primary tissues?
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Ectoderm, endoderm and in most mesoderm
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What are the four basic body plans for animals
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Radial symmetry (around a center point), Bilateral symmetry(2 halves), and Cephalization(nerves and sensory cells)
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What are the four membranes found in amniote eggs?
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Amnion, chorion, allantois and yolk sac
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Define Monotremes
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egg laying
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Marsupials
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pouched mammals
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Eutherians
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placetal mammals
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