Exam 3 Bio 2 Reproductive Chap 53

Front 1

sexual reproduction

Back 1

increases genetic variability

Front 2

hermaphroditism

Back 2

- both male and female reproductive systems; some species' organisms can fertilize their own eggs (would require synchronous hermaphroditism); sequential hermaphroditism involves sex reversal

Front 3

external fertilization

Back 3

occurs in amphibians and requires specialized behavior because it involves the release of eggs and sperm into a body of water and often leaves fertilized eggs susceptible to predation

Front 4

internal fertilization

Back 4

requires specialized anatomical structures

Front 5

testes

Back 5

male gonads held outside body cavity due to normal body temperature is too high for spermatogenesis

Front 6

What are the structures found in the male reproductive system? What role does each have? Which is the gonads? Why is the scrotum important for sperm development? Where are sperm produced? Where do sperm mature? What moves through the urethra? Semen production requires what structures?

Back 6

includes testes (gonads), scrotum (holds testes outside abdominal cavity for temperature regulation), seminiferous tubules (sperm production), seminal vesicles (fructose in semen), prostate gland (buffers in semen), bulbourethral glands (mucus in semen), epididymis (tightly coiled tube which is site of sperm maturation), urethra (passageway for sperm and urine) those in blue are accessory glands;

Front 7

WHAT IS THE order from sperm production to ejaculation ?

Back 7

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Front 8

What is included in semen?

Back 8

Semen production requires the testes, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and the bulborethral gland.

Front 9

What are the male reproductive hormones, their role, and where do they each come from? What produces testosterone? Secondary sexual characteristics of the male are directly maintained by what? Gonadotropic hormones are produced in what gland?

Back 9

GnRH (from hypothalamus); FSH promotes sperm development & LH promotes testosterone secretion from interstitial cells, specifically leydig cells (these two are gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary); testosterone (main sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes; testosterone maintains male secondary sexual characteristics)

Front 10

The hypothalamus, gonadotropic hormones, and anterior pituitary glands are all involved with the functioning of WHAT?

Back 10

testes

Front 11

gametes
When gametes are described as haploid, what does that mean?

Back 11

eggs and sperm, both are haploid (23 chromosomes each) NOT ZYGOTES YT.
The process of meiosis reduces the chromosomal number by one-half in gametes.

Front 12

The process of sperm formation is called what? What is the acrosome and what is found there?

Back 12

produced by spermatogenesis within sertoli cells; delivery system for male genetic material (23 chromosomes); includes a head covered by a cap of enzymes (acrosome...promotes egg penetration); middle piece includes mitochondria; flagellum makes up the tail which allows the sperm to be motile; seminal fluid usually contains 300-400 million sperm per ejaculation

Front 13

ejaculation pathway

Back 13

epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, glans penis

Front 14

female repro system

Back 14

ovaries (gonads); fallopian tubes; uterus; cervix (neck of uterus)

Front 15

In female mammals, germ cells are arrested in mitosis until ______.

Back 15

puberty.

Front 16

Female gonads are what?

Back 16

ovaries

Front 17

The process of egg formation is called what? When is oogenesis completed?

Back 17

oogenesis-cyclical process in which female mammals produce an egg; completion of meiosis II occurs after fertilization

Front 18

puberty WHAT BEGINS

Back 18

in females, granulosa cells begin to secrete ESTRADIOL/ ESTROGEN

Front 19

ovarian cycle 3 phases:

Back 19

follicular, ovulation, luteal

Front 20

What happens during ovulation?

Back 20

mature follicle ruptures and secondary oocyte is released; meiosis is completed only if fertilization occurs

Front 21

The corpus luteum produces what as its primary function?

Back 21

after rupturing, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum which primarily produces progesterone; this secretion inhibits LH and FSH secretion, prevents the maturation of primary oocytes, and prepares the uterus for implantation of an embryo

Front 22

if no pregnancy

Back 22

progesterone and estradiol levels decrease, triggering menses

Front 23

Hormones from what gland have a direct effect on the ovaries? What hormone triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum? What hormone stimulates follicle development? Which hormone has a role in female secondary sexual characteristics? What is the role of progesterone? What is the role of HCG and what is its presence used to do?

Back 23

GnRH (hypothalamus); anterior pituitary gland produces LH (responsible for triggering ovulation and stimulating development of corpus luteum) and FSH (stimulates follicle development), both directly affecting the ovaries; estradiol/ estrogen (maintains female secondary sexual characteristics); progesterone keeps endometrium (uterine lining) in secretory phase to support pregnancy; HCG is hormone that maintains corpus luteum after implantation and is the basis of most pregnancy tests

Front 24

gametogenesis (male and female)

Back 24

gametes develop in the gonads; Sperm cells multiply by mitosis; primary cells (spermatocytes and oocytes are diploid but the sperm and ovum are haploid); gametes are formed by mitosis

Front 25

oxytocin

Back 25

stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals

Front 26

fertilization by sperm

Back 26

Sperm increase ATP production; Sperm contacts the CUMULUS MASS; PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES are released from the ACROSOME, Sperm passes through the ZONA PELLUCIDA, Sperm contacts the PLASMA MEMBRANE of the ovum

Front 27

fertilization of ovum occurs in the _____.

Back 27

oviduct

Front 28

WHAT IS gestation

Back 28

implantation to birth

Front 29

fetal support

Back 29

NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN diffuse into the umbilical capillaries from maternal blood pools that surround the chorionic villi

Front 30

Fetal hemoglobin has ______ than does maternal hemoglobin, thereby allowing the fetal hemoglobin to remove oxygen from maternal hemoglobin

Back 30

higher affinity for oxygen

Front 31

WHAT THE ORDER OF parturition (birth)

Back 31

happens in following order: Estradiol levels increase, oxytocin receptors increase in the uterus, stretch-sensitive neurons send signals to the hypothalamus, oxytocin levels increase, Uterine muscles start to contract, prostaglandin levels increase.

Front 32

WHAT IS THE Least effective birth control

Back 32

rhythm method

Front 33

Place the following events of parturition in the correct order.
(1) Stretch-sensitive neurons send signals to the hypothalamus.
(2) Oxytocin receptors increase in the uterus.
(3) Prostaglandin levels increase.
(4) Estradiol levels increase.
(5) Oxytocin levels increase.
(6) Uterine muscles start to contract.
A. 1,2,4,5,3,6
B. 4,2,1,5,6,3
C. 5,2,4,1,3,6
D. 1,6,4,2,5,3
E. 4,3,1,2,5,6

Back 33

B. 4,2,1,5,6,3

Front 34

What allows fetal hemoglobin to remove oxygen from maternal hemoglobin?
A. Fetal hemoglobin has an extra heme group.
B. Oxygen is more soluble in fetal blood than maternal blood.
C. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin.
D. There are two times more fetal than maternal hemoglobin molecules in the placenta.
E. Fetal hemoglobin molecules are much larger than maternal hemoglobin molecules.

Back 34

C. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin.

Front 35

In females at puberty, the ________ cells begin to secrete the major female sex hormone, estradiol.
A. oocyte
B. corpus luteum
C. follicle
D. granulosa

Back 35

D. granulosa