Exam 3 Bio 2 Endocrine Chap 46

Front 1

WHAT DOES THE endocrine glands SECREATE AND TO WHERE?

Back 1

secrete hormones into bloodstream

Front 2

hormones

Back 2

AMINES(includes Epi, NE),
POLYPEPTIDE/PROTEIN(chains of amino acids, includes ADH, GH, insulin),
GLYCOPROTEINS(includes LH, FSH),
STEROIDS(lipids derived from cholesterol, includes testosterone, estrogen, thyroid hormones)

Front 3

Peptide, protein, and amine hormones are HYDROPHILIC OR HYDOPHOBIC?

Back 3

Peptide, protein, and amine hormones are hydrophilic (water soluble)

Front 4

Steroid and thyroid hormones are LIPOPHILIC OR LIPOPHOBIC?

Back 4

Steroid and thyroid hormones are lipophilic (water hating).

Front 5

The non-lipid, hydrophilic/lipophobic hormones react with receptors on the surface of the target cell which then causes _______to activate previously inactive enzymes.

Back 5

The non-lipid, hydrophilic/lipophobic hormones react with receptors on the surface of the target cell which then causes SECOND MESSENGERS to activate previously inactive enzymes.

Front 6

The lipid category of hormones are nonpolar (both lipophilic and hydrophobic), therefore can pass through the_________ to interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. These receptors regulate gene__________.

Back 6

The lipid category of hormones are nonpolar (both lipophilic and hydrophobic), therefore can pass through the PLASMA MEMBRANE to interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. These receptors regulate gene TRANSCRIPTION.

Front 7

[hormone level controls]
certain mechanisms can be utilized to control concentrations in the blood TO

Back 7

- while the actual structure of hormones are not changed, certain mechanisms can be utilized to control concentrations in the blood:
- ALTER THE RATE of SYNTHESIS and subsequent RELEASE of hormone into the blood
- Alter the rate at which the HORMONE is REMOVED from the blood
- Change the rate at which an ENZYME PRODUCES the hormone
- Change the rate at which the hormone is EXCRETED into the URINE

Front 8

hormone action

Back 8

GENOMIC action - involves LIPOPHILIC hormones and their receptors within target's CYTOPLASM OR NUCLEUS where they affect TRANSCRIPTION; takes at least 30 mins.

2ND MESSENGER action - involves WATER-SOLUBLE (hydrophilic, lipophobic molecules) hormones and their receptors on the surface of TARGET CELLS; INTERCELLULAR MEDIATORS act as 2ND MESSENGER within the cell

Front 9

Hydrophilic hormones (extracellular signals) are transduced into________.

Back 9

Hydrophilic hormones (extracellular signals) are transduced into INTERCELLULAR SIGNALS (second messengers).

Front 10

_______activates protein kinase that activates other enzymes in the cell.

Back 10

cAMP activates protein kinase that activates other enzymes in the cell.

Front 11

What distinguishes target cells?

Back 11

cells with SPECIFIC RECEPTOR proteins for both NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND OR HORMONES; tissue usually responds to # of hormones

Front 12

What are the requirements for chemical functioning in neural and endocrine regulation?

Back 12

chemical functioning in physiological regulation includes:
1) SECRETION of CHEMICALSl signals by nervous system and endocrine system

2) target cell has SPECIFIC RECEPTORS for chemical signals

3) must be MECHANISM to turn OFF chemical's action

4) interaction of chemical and receptor causes SPECIFIC CHANGES in TARGET CELLS ACTIVITIES

Front 13

How do hormones interact with each other? 5 WAYS

Back 13

SYNERGISTIC - 2 hormones WORK TOGETHER to produce a greater effect than each individual hormone would achieve
PERMISSIVE EFFECT - hormone ENHANCES RESPONSIVENESS of target cell to 2nd hormone

ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT - 1 hormone INHIBITS EFFECT of another

PRIMING EFFECT - UPREGULATION occurs when hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cell

DESENSITIZATION - DOWNREGULATION occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone due to decrease in # of receptors

Front 14

Anabolic steroid abuse causes testosterone receptors to be ______leading to DESENSITIZATION

Back 14

Anabolic steroid abuse causes testosterone receptors to be DOWNREGULATED leading to desensitization

Front 15

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Back 15

a portion of the brain base that REGULATES autonomic functions and SECRETES hormones, most of which regulate SECRETORY ACTIVITY of the pituitary gland

Front 16

stores and secretes neurohormones (ADH & oxytocin) produced in the HYPOTHALAMUS and transported to the posterior pituitary by NEURON AXONS

Back 16

posterior pituitary

Front 17

ADH helps regulate water volume and blood pressure. The consumption of alcohol stimulates urination by inhibiting________

Back 17

ADH secretion

Front 18

________stimulates the milk-ejection reflex and uterine muscle contractions during childbirth.

Back 18

Oxytocin stimulates the milk-ejection reflex and uterine muscle contractions during childbirth.

Front 19

releasing or inhibiting hormones travel thru WHAT?

Back 19

hormones released by the hypothalamus, travel thru PORTAL VEIN to stimulate or decrease secretion of hormones from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY (gland produces the most hormones)

Front 20

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system exists between the hypothalamus and what PORTION of the pituitary gland?
What does the hypothalamus secrete and WHERE are those substances' target cells? What are the functions of LH & FSH, ACTH, Prolactin, and Growth Hormone?

Back 20

system of capillary bed to capillary bed that links the hypothalamus and the ANTERIOR PITUITARY; ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone is locally high to stimulate the pituitary;
hypothalamus secretes (into PORTAL SYSTEM) TROPIC HORMONES that are either releasing or inhibiting hormones...these tropic hormones (releasing or inhibiting) act on target endocrine cells in the ANTERIOR pituitary to stimulate or suppress the release of hormones that act on other endocrine glands to stimulate the release of still other hormones. Example: GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) is released by hypothalamus...targets endocrine cells in anterior pituitary to release either LH or FSH which will target the male gonads affecting a release of androgens and the female gonads affecting a release of estrogen or progesterone.
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones

Prolactin stimulates breast development and milk production

Growth hormone, targeting most tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, increases amino acid uptake by cells, promotes fat metabolism, and if amount is increased during growth years, can cause gigantism.

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - a glycoprotein hormone that has an effect in gamete production in both males and females

Hint 20

Example: GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) is released by hypothalamus...targets endocrine cells in anterior pituitary to release either LH or FSH which will target the male gonads affecting a release of androgens and the female gonads affecting a release of estrogen or progesterone.

Front 21

What is the adrenal gland's role in the "fight-or-flight" response? Which portion of the ADRENAL GLAND in involved in this response? The cortex produces which two hormones and what are their functions? Norepinephrine works as what?

Back 21

ADRENAL CORTEX (derived from ECTODERM): produces CORTISOL (role in stress response in GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS and aspects of immune response) and ALDOSTERONE (SODIUM RETENTION IN KIDNEY)

adrenal MEDULLA (derived from MESODERM): produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (associated with sympathetic nervous system's FIGHT OR FLIGHT/short term stress response; works BOTH as a NEUROTRANSMITTER and a HORMONE)

Front 22

in the PANCREAS What would stimulate the release of INSULIN and what would stimulate the release of GLUCAGON? Think increasing or decreasing blood levels of what?

Back 22

Endocrine region: Islet of Langerhans...ALPHA CELLS secrete GLUCAGON for stimulating glycogen breakdown into glucose, BETA CELLS secrete INSULIN for stimulating glucose uptake, fat production, and glucose storage as glycogen; (both hormones maintain GLUCOSE homeostasis)
Exocrine region: acinar and duct cells...primarily secrete digestive enzymes into gastrointestinal tract

Front 23

What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

Back 23

Type I: LACK of insulin-secreting B CELLS

Type II: most prevalent form;LOW # OF INSULIN RECEPTORS

Front 24

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Endocrine region AND Exocrine region:

Back 24

ENDOCRINE region: Islet of Langerhans...ALPHA CELLS secrete GLUCAGON for stimulating glycogen BREAKDOWN into glucose, BETA CELLS secrete INSULIN for stimulating glucose UPTAKE , FAT PRODUCTION, and glucose storage as glycogen; (both hormones maintain GLUCOSE homeostasis)

EXOCRINE region: ACINAR AND DUCT CELLS..primarily secrete digestive enzymes into GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

Front 25

WHAT ARE thyroid HORMONES?

Back 25

hormones regulate carbohydrate & lipid metabolism and stimulate UPTAKE of calcium into bones (CALCITONIN)

Front 26

What is the role in thyroxin in the human body and in amphibians?

Back 26

sets the body's BASAL METOBOLIC RATE; low levels of thyroxin in adults --> HYPOthryoidism with reduced metabolism and overweight....high levels of thyroxin in adults --> high metabolism and weight loss

triggers METAMORPHOSIS in amphibians

Front 27

What is a goiter?

Back 27

DISEASE OF ENLARGED THYROID GLAND resulting from IODINE deficiency in diet leading to reduced levels of T3 and T4 in the blood, leading to excessive thyroid-stimulating hormone production

Front 28

PTH stimulates the osteoclasts to do what? What does vitamin D do in this process? Where do we get vitamin D?

Back 28

(parathyroid glands)PTH produced in response to falling Ca2+ levels of in blood --> OSTEOCLASTS dissolve calcium phosphate in bone and stimulates kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ from the URINE

vitamin D (produced in skin in response to UV light and consumed in diet) once activated stimulates INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of Ca2+

Front 29

Calcitonin from the thyroid and PTH from the parathyroid work antagonistically to maintain the _______ of calcium ion concentrations in the blood.

Back 29

homeostasis

Front 30

acetylcholine

Back 30

molecule that can act as BOTHa NEUROTRANSMITTER and a HORMONE

Front 31

What are the roles of the thymus and pineal gland?

Back 31

THYMUS: secretes THYMOSIN to stimulate LYMPHOCYTE differentiation for the IMMUNE SYSTEM
PINEAL: MELETONIN helping to regulate the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Front 32

the________ are cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern

Back 32

circadian rhythm

Front 33

gonads

Back 33

produce SEX STEROIDS; estrogen & progesterone (female) and testosterone (male)

Front 34

Testosterone induces male secondary sex characteristics and when abused can lead to _______.

Back 34

aggressive behavior.

Front 35

Describe the role of autocrine and paracrine regulators.

Back 35

PARACRINE: molecules that are produced within 1 TISSUE but regulate a DIFFERENT TISSUE different tissue of the SAME organ (prostaglandins, cytokines, nitric oxide, and growth factors)
AUTOCRINE: MEDIATE the function of the cells in which they are SYNTHESIZED.

Front 36

ecdysone

Back 36

BRAIN hormone stimulates insect prothoracic gland to secrete this MOLTING HORMONE

Front 37

_________ participate in regulating almost every organ belonging to the immune system, reproductive system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, and the urinary system.

Back 37

Prostaglandins

Front 38

Which of the following is likely NOT to be a mechanism for controlling hormone levels in the blood?
A. Alter the rate of synthesis and subsequent release of hormone into the blood.
B. Change the rate at which an enzyme produces the hormone.
C. Modify the structure of the hormone at its point of production so it no longer binds its receptor.
D. Alter the rate at which the hormone is removed from the blood.
E. Change the rate at which the hormone is excreted into the urine.

Back 38

C. Modify the structure of the hormone at its point of production so it no longer binds its receptor.

Front 39

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates
A. follicle-stimulating hormone.
B. luteinizing hormone.
C. steroid production by the gonads.
D. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones.
E. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones as well as steroid production by the gonads.

Back 39

E. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones as well as steroid production by the gonads.

Front 40

A problem with the action or production _______ leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus
A. glucagon
B. growth hormone
C. thyroid hormone
D. insulin
E. cortisol

Back 40

D. insulin

Front 41

WHAT DOES Prolactin stimulates?

Back 41

BREAST development and MILK production

Front 42

WHAT IS FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Back 42

IS A glycoprotein hormone that has an effect in GAMETE PRODUCTION in both males and females

Front 43

WHAT CAN Growth hormone CAUSE?

Back 43

Growth hormone, targeting most tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, increases amino acid uptake by cells, promotes fat metabolism, and if amount is increased during growth years, can cause GIGANTISM.

Front 44

WHAT DOES ACTH stimulates ?

Back 44

stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX to produce its HORMONES

Front 45

AMINES(includes Epi, NE), INCLUDES WHAT?

Back 45

NOREPINEPHRINE
EPINEPHRINE
DOPAMINE

Front 46

WHAT ARE STEROIDS?

Back 46

STEROIDS(lipids derived from cholesterol, includes testosterone, estrogen, thyroid hormones)

Front 47

GLYCOPROTEINS(includes LH, FSH), WHAT ARE THEY?

Back 47

LUTEINIZING HORMONE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

Front 48

POLYPEPTIDE/PROTEIN INCLUDES WHAT?

Back 48

chains of amino acids, (ADH) ANTIDURETIC HORMONE, (GH) GROWTH HORMONE, insulin),

Front 49

ALPHA CELLS secrete what?

Back 49

GLUCAGON for stimulating glycogen breakdown into glucose,

Front 50

BETA CELLS secrete what?

Back 50

INSULIN for stimulating glucose uptake, fat production, and glucose storage as glycogen;