Exam 3 Bio 2 Circulatory & Resp Chap 49&50

Front 1

What is the difference in an open and closed circulatory system? What is hemolymph?

Back 1

open: NO DISTINCTION between circulating and extracellular fluid (both called HEMOLYMPH)

closed: transport of blood which is ALWAYS ENCLOSED WITHIN VESSELS from and back to a pump, the heart

Front 2

The circulatory system transports what? The cardiovascular system includes what?

Back 2

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM transport O2, nutrients, wastes, hormones; temperature regulation, blood CLOTTING and IMMUNE defense;
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM includes HEART, vessels, BLOOD, and all the material blood contains

Front 3

WHAT ARE plasma solutes? THESES 6

Back 3

globulins, albumins, ions, metabolites, wastes, hormones

Front 4

During circulation blood is filtered out of _______ without any proteins. This fluid bathes the tissues and is called ______. Any excess fluid that seeps into the tissues (and does not move back into the capillaries because of osmotic potential) is picked up by the ______.

Back 4

During circulation blood is filtered out of CAPILLARIES without any proteins. This fluid bathes the tissues and is called INTERSTITIAL FLUID. Any excess fluid that seeps into the tissues (and does not move back into the capillaries because of osmotic potential) is picked up by the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

Front 5

vessel structure (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)
all have basic 4-layer structure WHAT ARE THEY?

Back 5

endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Front 6

Describe the basic structure of the vessels. What vessels move blood away from the heart? How do arteries structure help maintain blood pressure? What is the role of sphincter muscles and where are they found? Where does exchange take place? How is blood moved through venuels and veins? What vessels act as a blood reservoir?

Back 6

ARTERIES: LARGEST vessels (some need own blood supply), CARRY BLOOD (oxygenated and deoxygenated) AWAY from heart, 3 layers (innermost is endothelium, middle, smooth muscle, helps control blood pressure)

ATRERIOLES: have GREATEST CONTROL over blood flow since they have SPHINCTER MUSCLES that determine flow into capillary beds (precapillary sphincters)

CAPILLARIES: SINGLE LAYER of ENDOthelial cells (area where GAS EXCHANGE and metabolites between BLOOD & TISSUES occurs)

VENULES & VEINS: THINNER WALL(less muscle and thinner elastic fiber layers) than arteries arterioles, BRING BLOOD BACK TO HEART; have VALVES (SKELETAL MUSCLES squeeze pushing blood towards heart, one-way valves PREVENT BACK FLOW); VEINS, because of their expansion capabilities, CAN EXPAND to hold additional blood

Front 7

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and
arteriosclerosis?

Back 7

ATHEROsclerosis-1st ANATOMICAL CHANGE IN ARTERY. is appearance of fatty streaks; localize plaques reduce artery flow and act as THROMBUS sites

ARTERIOsclerosis-ARTERIAL hardening due to CALCIUM deposition

Front 8

What is the role of the lymphatic system in collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it to the cardiovascular system?

Back 8

a ONE WAY system that collects the EXCESS INTERSTITIAL FLUID and DIGESTED FATS and moves it (by skeletal muscle contractions and one-way valves) until it drains into SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

Front 9

Physical conditions such as pregnancy, injuries, liver disease, or protein malnutrition can lead to ____ which is a result of increased interstitial fluid in various body tissues.

Back 9

Physical conditions such as pregnancy, injuries, liver disease, or protein malnutrition can lead to EDEMA which is a result of increased interstitial fluid in various body tissues.
(SWOLLEN FEET)

Front 10

WHAT IS interstitial fluid?

Back 10

Fluid, filtered out of capillaries without proteins, which bathes the tissues

Front 11

NAME 3 blood (connective tissue)

Back 11

RBC (erythrocytes - oxygen transport), WBC (leukocytes - immunity, phagocytosis), platelets (thrombocytes - blood clotting

Front 12

Plasma includes what? What is the major role of albumin? Globulins do what? What is the role of fibrinogin? Where are the plasma proteins produced?
What are the formed elements and what is the role of each?

Back 12

MATRIX PLASMA: 92% water, metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)

ALBUMIN (MAJOR PLASMA PROTEIN; helps DETERMINE OSMOTIC PRESSURE of blood), GLOBULINS (include antibodies that function in IMMUNITY, help transport hormones, cholesterol and iron) and FIBRINOGEN (responsible for CLOT formation); these are synthesized in the LIVER

formed elements: RBC (erythrocytes - oxygen transport), WBC (leukocytes - immunity, phagocytosis), platelets (thrombocytes - blood clotting)

Front 13

By having a _____ protein concentration within the capillaries, water will be drawn into them through process of ______. _______ has a major role as that protein.

Back 13

By having a HIGHER protein concentration within the capillaries, water will be drawn into them through process of OSMOSIS. ALBUMIN has a major role as that protein.

Front 14

What are the roles of RBC in gas transport? What actually binds to the oxygen molecules? How is CO2 transported? What is the relationship between CO2 and pH? How long does a RBC survive and where is it removed?

WBC include leukocytes and lymphocytes that all have a protective role? How do they compare to RBCs? They include what members?

Back 14

ERYTHROCYTES: RBC - originate from stem cells in red marrow; biconcave disc which upon maturity LACKS a nucleus; contains hemoglobin --> protein made of 4 amino acid chains that each carry a heme group that contains an atom of IRON which BINDS TO OXYGEN; HEMOGLOBIN is also responsible for TRANSPORTING~35% of CO2 (majority of CO2 is transported as BICARBONATE ion in plasma; bicarbonate acts as BUFFER to help regulate pH) which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide; LIFE SPAND of ~120 days ends when removed from blood in LIVER AND SPLEEN

LEUKOCYTES (WBC): mature cell HAS nucleus, can be long-lived, can leave blood and use amoeboid movement to travel through tissues; role is IMMUNE SYSTEM duties protecting body against disease; most abundant leukocyte in blood is NEUTROPHILS; also include eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes

Front 15

What are the chambers of the heart? What separates the right from the left portions of the heart and what does each side pump to? What is myocardium? What is the pericardium and what is found in the pericardial cavity?

Back 15

double pump; 4 chambers - 2 ATRIA (superior) 2VENTRICLES (inferior); SEPTUM separates RIGHT side (pulmonary circuit) from LEFT side (systemic circuit)

MYOCADIUM (the MAJOR portion of the heart; mostly cardiac muscle tissue: striated, elongated, branching, with many MITOCHONDRIA, intercalated disks and high reserves of MYOGLOBIN, BINDING PIGMENT FOR OXYGEN (necessary since it relies on aerobic respiration);
heart surrounded by a double layered PERICARDIUM (VISCERAL is INNER layer next to heart and PARIETAL is OUTER layer; these layers are separated by PERICARDIAL CAVITY filled with FLUID)

Front 16

The ______is a double layered, closed structure with a fibrous connective tissue outer layer (parietal) and an inner layer (visceral) of squamous epithelial cells. This sac anchors the heart in the chest and protects it.

Back 16

The PERICARDIAL sac is a double layered, closed structure with a fibrous connective tissue outer layer (parietal) and an inner layer (visceral) of squamous epithelial cells. This sac anchors the heart in the chest and protects it.

Front 17

What is the innermost layer of all vessels? How do arteries help maintain smooth blood flow? Where does exchange take place? What controls flow into the capillaries?

Back 17

ARTERIES ,ARTERIOLES (carry blood AWAY from heart) CAPILLARIES (where EXCHANGE takes place), VENUES, VEIN (carry blood BACK(VENIR) to heart)

INNERMOST layer of all vessels ENDOTHELIUM; capillaries are made of only endothelial cells; arteries, arterioles, venules, and veins all also have elastic fibers, smooth muscle layer, and a connective tissue layer
arteries: 3 layers, muscular and elastic (contain lots of elastin), EXPANSION -SYSTOLE and RECOIL-DIASTOLE helps MAINTAIN smooth blood flow

VEINS: 3 layers, hold the MAJORITY of blood in CIRCULATORY system, expand readily, have LOW BLOOD PRESSURE so skeletal muscle contractions and one-way VALVES needed to RETER(VENIR) blood to heart

CAPILLARIES: site of EXCHANGE; flow through capillaries is determined by state of constriction of arteriole PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS blood is DEOXYGENATED until it passes through PULMONARY CAPILLARIES and is OXYGENATED until it passes through SYSTEMIC capillaries

Front 18

blood flow

Back 18

DEOXYGENATED RIGHT atrium, tricuspid valve (RIGHT AV valve), RIGHT ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary ARTERY, pulmonary Arterioles,

pulmonary capillaries,
(OXYGENATED) pulmonary VEINS, LEFT atrium, bicuspid valve (LEFT AV valve), LEFT ventricle, LEFT semilunar valve, AORTA

Front 19

What are we actually listening to in a heart beat?

Back 19

The sound of the valves closing. The 'lub' is the AV valves closing and the 'dub' is the SEMILUNAR VALVES closing.

Front 20

Depolarization is triggered by what node? What node picks up the depolarization? The action potential moves from what fiber network to what area that stimulates ventricular contraction? Role of vagus nerve?

Back 20

cardiac cycle- INTRINSIC contraction is stimulated by SA node (sinoatrial node: PACEMAKER of the heart) located in right atrium --> membrane DEPOLARIZATION --> AV node (now depolarized) --> BUNDLE OF HIS (fiber network) --> PURKINJE FIBERS (direct stimulation of both ventricles triggering CONTRACTION)

EXTRINSIC contraction controlled by VAGUS NERVE - stimulation causes HEART RATE INCREASE

Front 21

Once the blood passes the pulmonary capillaries, it is oxygenated and travels thru the pulmonary veins on its way back to the left atrium in the heart. Since the heart has its own vascular system supplying it with oxygen and nutrients (coronary artery), the ______ and the____ would be the two vessels containing blood with the HIGHEST oxygen content.

Back 21

pulmonary vein AND aorta

Front 22

Blood traveling through a portal system travels from one capillary bed to another capillary bed before entering _______on the way back to the heart.

Back 22

venuels and veins

Front 23

What makes up cardiac output? How do we measure arterial blood pressure?

Back 23

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute; averages 5 liters per minute in resting person

BP (arterial blood pressure) = CO (cardiac output) x R (resistance)

Front 24

What is being measured in systolic and diastolic pressures? What structure detects changes in arterial blood pressure?

Back 24

SYSTOLIC: PEAK pressure when ventricles are CONTRACTING
DIASTOLIC: MINIMUM pressure when ventricles are RELAXING

BARORECEPTORS-located in walls of CAROTID ARTERY and arch of AORTA; responsible for detecting CHANGES in arterial BLOOD PRESSURE

Front 25

In an EKG (or ECG) pattern, the P wave is caused by what?

Back 25

DEPOLARIZATION of atrial muscle fibers (atria contraction beginning)

Front 26

In an EKG pattern, the T wave is caused by what?

Back 26

POLIRAZATION of ventricular muscle fibers (relaxation beginning)

Front 27

In an EKG pattern, the QRS complex is caused by what?

Back 27

DEPOLARIZATION OF THE VENTICULAR muscle fibers (ventricles contraction beginning); appears AFTER atrial (P)depolarization

Front 28

Where is the cardiovascular center? What nerve has a direct role in increasing the heart rate?

Back 28

within MEDULLA OBLONGATA; COORDINATES INFO on blood pressure, volume, O2 content, and CO2 content; stimulation of VAGUS NERVE causes an INCREASE in the heart rate

Front 29

blood flow through VEINS

Back 29

ensured by ONE WAY VALVES, thinner muscle layers, thinner ELASTIC FIBER layers, and ability to be EXPANDABLE to hold additional blood and be compressed by surrounding SKELETAL MUSCLE

Front 30

What cardiac hormones have a role in blood volume?

Back 30

ADH, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic hormone, Nitric oxide

Front 31

What is the activation pathway for hemostasis? What ion has a key role in blood clotting? What is the last step in the formation of the insoluble meshwork of a clot?

Back 31

hemostasis (cessation of bleeding)
VASOCONSTRICTION --> platelet PLUG --> fibrin protein CLOT

plasma protein activation pathway is PROTHROMBIN --> THROMBIN (which activates) -->FIBRINOGEN into fibrin

process of blood clotting in which injured tissues (stimulate activation of extrinsic blood clotting pathway) become sticky allowing platelets to adhere forming platelet plug (formation is inhibited by aspirin), blood vessels constrict, and tissues excrete chemical signals (clotting factor activation by contact with connective tissue) and presence of Ca+2 ions initiates the plasma protein activation pathway that stimulates prothrombin to convert into thrombin which in turn stimulates FIBRINOGEN to ACTIVATES into FIBRIN (final protein forming insoluble meshwork)

Front 32

What specialized structures are found in the trachea? What is the pathway of air from the trachea to the alveoli?

Back 32

- The trachea's structure is based around CARTAILAGINOUS RINGS and contains CILIA that sweeps debris (embedded in mucus) towards throat to be swallowed and disposed of by GASTRIC JUICE. Smoking causes ciliated epithelium to be replaced with SQUAMOUS epithelium.

- BRONCHI are tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs. The pathway of air is bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli.

- The ALVEOLAR DUCTS and ALVEOLI (composed of simple SQUAMOUS epithelium) are the sites of GAS EXCHANGE between inspired AIR and BLOOD.

Front 33

In the case of fish, the gills' high efficiency rate is the result of the COUNTERcurrent OR CURRENT? flow of water over the gills and the blood within the gills.

Back 33

countercurrent

Front 34

While nitrogen makes up the greatest portion of our atmosphere, oxygen content is what level?

Back 34

~21% oxygen

Front 35

What is the relationship between double circulation and the lungs?

Back 35

evolved with lungs - allows blood to flow through LUNGS (PULMONARY circuit) while it also flows through BODY (SYSTEMIC circuit)

Front 36

What is ventilation and exhalation?

Back 36

UPTAKE OF O2 from the environment (VENTILATION) and the DISPOSAL OF CO2 at the body system level (EXHALATION); both of these gasses move through DIFFUSION

Front 37

___is more easily transferred into water through respiratory membranes compared to O2 because ____ is more soluble in water than O2. Consequently, a high proportion of ____ is dissolved in blood's plasma.

Back 37

CO2

Front 38

Tidal volume

Back 38

air IN AND OUT in a single RELAXED breath

Front 39

Vital capacity

Back 39

MAXIMUM TIDAL volume; sum of tidal, inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve (older persons have less)

Front 40

Inspiratory reserve volume

Back 40

air TAKEN IN BEYOND tidal volume using forced inspiration

Front 41

air FORCED OUT beyond tidal volume by contracting chest and abdominal muscles

Back 41

Expiratory reserve volume:

Front 42

air REMAINING in lungs after deepest possible expiration (no exchange use)

Back 42

Residual volume

Front 43

What sort of pressure allows our lungs to fill?

Back 43

creates NEGATIVE pressure thereby promoting filling with atmospheric gasses

Front 44

Which organism has the most efficient lungs?

Back 44

birds

Front 45

Which gas has the greatest role in triggering an impulse to breathe?

Back 45

a rise in blood pCO2 -->carbonic acid --> pH lower --> aortic and carotid bodies neurons stimulated --> impulse to control center in medulla oblongata --> inhalation

Front 46

If your blood had a higher than normal concentration of proteins, which of the following would likely be true?
A. You would have edema.
B. You would have liver disease.
C. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be low.
D. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be high.
E. Insulin levels would increase.

Back 46

C. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be low.

Front 47

The mechanism that triggers breathing in humans is true for
A. all vertebrates.
B. just terrestrial vertebrates.
C. just aquatic vertebrates.
D. only humans.
E. only humans and invertebrates.

Back 47

B. just terrestrial vertebrates.

Front 48

Stimulating the vagus nerve would cause
A. blood pressure to rise.
B. heart rate to increase.
C. heart rate to decrease.
D. no change in any cardiovascular parameters.
E. a release in epinephrine.

Back 48

B. heart rate to increase.