Exam 3 Bio

Front 1

DNA replication is referred to as being semiconservative because:

Back 1

Each new double strand of DNA is made of one parental (old) and one newly synthesized strand

Front 2

2. During DNA replication, errors occasionally occur. These errors:
a. Are called mutations
b. Occur randomly
c. Occur approximately once for every billion nucleotides replicated in the human genome
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Back 2

D

Front 3

errors happen during DNA replication approximately

Back 3

1 in a billion for every nucleotide replicated

Front 4

3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is
a. A molecular technique for amplifying small quantities of DNA
b. Was invented by a dude from Lenoir
c. Is an important technique used in forensic laboratories
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

Back 4

D

Front 5

Which cell cycle exit is not reversible?

Back 5

Apoptosis

Front 6

Apoptosis only removes damaged cells. True or false?

Back 6

False

Front 7

Stem cells are

Back 7

proliferating cells that have terminally differentiated.

Front 8

Purines

Back 8

AG

Front 9

Pyrimidines

Back 9

CUT

Front 10

Karyotype

Back 10

A display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with respect to size, shape and number

Front 11

Ploidy

Back 11

The number of complete sets of somatic chromosomes in a nucleus

Front 12

Members of a species have a characteristic number of

Back 12

chromosomes

Front 13

Helicase

Back 13

unwinds double helix

Front 14

binding proteins

Back 14

stabilize each strand 7 prevent single strands from rejoining

Front 15

primase

Back 15

adds short RNA primer to template strand. makes short stretch of RNa on the DNA template

Front 16

DNA polymerase

Back 16

binds nuclotides to from new strands

Front 17

Ligaze

Back 17

joins okazaki fragments and seals nicks in sugar phosphate backbone

Front 18

Leading strand

Back 18

continuous synthesis 5' to 3' direction

Front 19

Lagging strand

Back 19

discontinuous synthesis produces Okazaki fragments in 5' to 3' direction

Front 20

PCR

Back 20

raising & lowering of temperature & addition of primers cause many replications

Front 21

DNA sequencing

Back 21

gel electrophoresis. Netatively charges phosphate groups are attracted to the positive electrode, causing the DNA fragments to move through the gel. The smaller the fragment, the faster it moves. Fragments are read off by size and original sequence can be deduced.

Front 22

Totipotent stem cells

Back 22

equivalent to the zygote or cells from the morula and can become any type of cell

Front 23

pluripotent stem cells

Back 23

derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and can become any type of cell except those associated with extra-embryonic tissues

Front 24

multipotent stem cells

Back 24

have the ability to give rise to only some cell types

Front 25

Cloning

Back 25

take cells from animal to be clones, establish culture, extract a nucleus from the culture, remove nucleus from another egg, fuse egg with nucleus, cell divides to form embryo, transfer embryo to surrogate mother

Front 26

Cancer cells evolve via

Back 26

repeated rounds of mutation and proliferation

Front 27

Random Assortment occurs during

Back 27

Metaphase I

Front 28

Crossing over occurs during

Back 28

prophase I

Front 29

Gap 1

Back 29

cells resume normal functions or enter another division cycle

Front 30

S phase

Back 30

DNA synthesis

Front 31

Gap 2

Back 31

checks for complete DNA replication

Front 32

Mitosis

Back 32

equal division of replicated DNA into 2 daughter cells

Front 33

Prophase

Back 33

DNA condenses, becomes visible chromosomes. spindle apparatus forms.

Front 34

Prometaphase

Back 34

nuclear envelope breaks down. spindle fibers form from microtubules.

Front 35

Metaphase

Back 35

chromosomes align along equator of cell

Front 36

anaphase

Back 36

sister chromatids (each half of chromosome) separate and move to opposite poles of cell.

Front 37

telophase

Back 37

new nuclear membranes form in each half of cell. nuclear membranes assemble around two daughter nuclei. chromosomes decondense.

Front 38

cytokinesis

Back 38

division of the cytoplasm into two cells

Front 39

what ploidy are most animals?

Back 39

2n

Front 40

homologous

Back 40

chromosomes that are the same size

Front 41

ploidy

Back 41

number of sets of chromosomes in a nucleus. number of chromosomes / number of different chromosomes.

Front 42

What does G1 check for?

Back 42

DNA damage, nutrients, space / room, signals from other cells (hormones, growth factors)

Front 43

3 types of exiting the cell cycle

Back 43

quiescence (G0), apoptosis, differentiation

Front 44

Quiescence

Back 44

Resting state, only reversible exit, can result from lack of nutrients or crowing, result from checkpoint telling cell to repair itself & to stop dividing while it does that

Front 45

apoptosis

Back 45

programmed cell death, permanent exit, series of steps by which a cell can kill itself.

Front 46

Steps of Apoptosis

Back 46

1. Nuclear membrane & DNA fragments
2. Membranes bleb
3. Cell breaks apart into membrane-bound pieces that can be consumed by other cells (immune system)

Front 47

Differentiation

Back 47

cell takes on specific function (muscle, skin, nerve, etc.), permanent exit, terminal differentiation is the final exit.

Front 48

P53

Back 48

guardian of the geonome. detects DNA damage, tells cells to enter G0 to repair itself. If a cell can't repair itself, p53 tells it to enter apoptosis. When mutated can lead to cancer (is mutated in more than 50% of all cancers). Considered to be a tumor suppressor gene.

Front 49

How to avoid cancer

Back 49

avoid carcinogens like tobacco, uv light, and alcohol. cause mutations or increase rate of cell division.

Front 50

meiosis 1

Back 50

homologous chromosomes separate (same size)

Front 51

meiosis 2

Back 51

chromatids separate

Front 52

how does meiosis generate diversity?

Back 52

random assortment, mutations, crossing over

Front 53

What problems can arise during meiosis?

Back 53

alterations in structure as well as numbers of chromosomes

Front 54

Non disjunction

Back 54

occurs in meiosis. chromosomes don't separate properly which results in aneuploidy (n+1 or n-1). Polyploidy is 3n, 4n, etc.
Aneuploidy is a major cause of human reproductive failure.

Front 55

Translocations

Back 55

non-homologous chromosomes exchanging

Front 56

deletions & duplications

Back 56

homologous chromosomes sharing unequally