Mrs.eversole Exam 3-3/13

Front 1

pulmonary ventilation

Back 1

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs- inhalation and exhalation

Front 2

External gas exchange

Back 2

Occurs in the lungs as oxygen (o2) difuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide (CO2) difuses out of the blood to be eiminated

Front 3

Gas Transport in the blood

Back 3

The circulation blood carries gases between the lungs and the tissues, supplies oxygen to the cells and bringing back CO2

Front 4

Internal Gas Exchange

Back 4

occurs in the tissues. Oxygen difuses from the blood to the cells and CO2 travels from the cells into the blood

Front 5

describe the flow of oxygen into and out of the lungs

Back 5

air enters through the nostrils into the nasal cavaties ( two spaces seperated by the nasal septum)

the nasal cavaties and the septum are covered with a mucous membrane made up of stratified squamous epithelium nasal cavaties also warm and moisten inhaled air

the pharynx carries air into the respiratory tract broken up into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx)

next the air passes through the larynx (voice box) which connects the pharynx to the voice box

air enters the trachea which conducts air between the larynx and the lungs (lined with mucous membrane a cimple, ciliated columnar epithelium

trachea divides into two mainstems or bronchi which enters the lung at a depression called the hilum

inside the lung are thin walled sacs known as alveoli (the site of external gas exchange) which are lined with a thin film of water

blood then movess from the alveoli to the capillary blood and binds to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells and is carried to the body tissues with each heartbeat

co2 then diffuses from the tissue then binds to red blood cells and is carried back to the lungs to be exhaled out of the body

Front 6

nostrils

Back 6

openings in the nose

Front 7

nasal septum

Back 7

the partition that seperates the nasal cavaties

Front 8

conchae

Back 8

three projections on the lateral walls of each nasal cavity. shell shaped greatly increase the surface area of the mucous membrane

Front 9

pharynx

Back 9

aka throat, carries food and liquids into the digestive system and air into the respiratory tract

Front 10

nasopharynx

Back 10

superior portion of the pharynx located immedietly behind the nasal cavity

Front 11

oropharynx

Back 11

middle section of the pharynx located posterior to the mouth

Front 12

laryngopharynx

Back 12

most inferior portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx toward the anterior and into the esophagus toward the posterior

Front 13

nasal cavaties

Back 13

two spaces immediately inside the nares located between the roof of the mouth and the cranium

Front 14

larynx

Back 14

the voice box, connects the pharynx with the trachea. rigid framework consits of nine portions of hyaline cartilage. the anterior part the thyroid cartilage protudes at the anterior of the neck commonly called the adams apple

Front 15

vocal folds

Back 15

folds of the mucous membrane used in producing speech. centrally located in the superior larynx

Front 16

trachea

Back 16

commonly called the windpipe is a tube that extends from the inferior edge of the larynx to the mediastinum just superior to the heart. conducts air between the larynx and the lungs

Front 17

bronchi

Back 17

two mainstems that enter the lungs located at the inferior end of the trachea

Front 18

glottis

Back 18

the space between the vocal folds

Front 19

epiglottis

Back 19

leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing

Front 20

lungs

Back 20

contain air passageways and alveoli. the site of external gas exchange

Front 21

alveoli

Back 21

this walled sacs that are the site of external gas exchange. left lungs has an inentation on its medial side

Front 22

bronchioles

Back 22

any of the minute branches into which the bronchus divides

Front 23

diaphragm

Back 23

muscular partition that seperates the thoracic cavity where the lungs are contained and the abdominal cavity

Front 24

pleura

Back 24

a continious double sac that covers each lung

Front 25

tidal volume

Back 25

the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet relaxed breathing

Front 26

residual volume

Back 26

the volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Front 27

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 27

the additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation

Front 28

expiratory reserve volume

Back 28

the additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation

Front 29

vital capacity

Back 29

the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

Front 30

functional residual capacity

Back 30

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Front 31

total lung capacity

Back 31

the total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

Front 32

why is carbon monoxide a poison

Back 32

blood becomes more acidic as the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases and shifts the bloods pH more toward the alkaline range

Front 33

How does the central nervous system control respiration

Back 33

the control center in the medulla fires 12 times per minute. motor nerves fibers extendinto the spinal cord from the respiratory center. from the cervical part of the neck the nerve fibers continue through the phrenic nerve to the diaghpram and intercostal muscles

Front 34

where are the central chemoreceptors located?

Back 34

either side of the brain stem near the mediullary response system

Front 35

where are the peripheral chemoreceptor located?

Back 35

located in the carotid and aortic bodies cartoid in the bifurication aortic in the aortic arch

Front 36

how do chemoreceptors regulate respiration

Back 36

The chemo receptors detect when pH levels in the blood changes and triggers a response of increased intercostal muscles movement or rapid breathing

Front 37

hyperpnea

Back 37

an increase in te depth and rate of breathing

Front 38

hypopnea

Back 38

a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing

Front 39

tachypnea

Back 39

an excessive rate of breathing that may be normal ( as in excercise)

Front 40

apnea

Back 40

a temporary cessation of breathing

Front 41

dyspnea

Back 41

a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing

Front 42

orthopnea

Back 42

a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position

Front 43

kussmaul

Back 43

deep, rapid respiration characteristic of acidosis

Front 44

cheyne-stokes respiration

Back 44

rythmic variation in the depth of respiratory movements alternating with periods of apnea

Front 45

hyperventilation

Back 45

the rate and depth of breathing increases above optimal levels

Front 46

hypoventilation

Back 46

an insufficient amount of air to meet the bodys metabolic needs enters the alveoli

Front 47

upper respiratory system

Back 47

confined to the nose and throat area, common infection include the common cold, and croup

Front 48

lower respiratory system

Back 48

the bronchiole tubes and lungs, as in RSV, pneumonia and bad cases of influenza

Front 49

exudate

Back 49

fluid inside infected alveoli consisting of serum and pus that isa product of infection

Front 50

lobar pneumonia

Back 50

an entire lobe of the lung is infected at one time, caused usually by pneumoccus (sometimes legionella in localized epidemics

Front 51

bronchopneumonia

Back 51

disease is scattered throughout the lung caused by staphylococcus. secondary to another infection, most common form of pneumonia

Front 52

pneumocystis pneumonia

Back 52

occurs in people with weakened immune systems such as HIV positive individuals or transplant recipients on immunosuppresants caused by an atypical fungus p.jiroveci

Front 53

describe tuberculosis

Back 53

an infectious disease caused by the bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis. grows in the lungs. small lesions or rubercles that form where the organisms grow. the lesions degenerate or liquefy to cause cavities within an organ

Front 54

tubercles

Back 54

small lesions that form where mycobacterium tuberculosis forms

Front 55

respiratory disorders caused by allergies

Back 55

allergic rhinitis, hay fever

Front 56

asthma

Back 56

caused by inflammation and excessive mucus production and spasm of the involuntary muscle in the bronchial tubes. asthma attacks can be triggered by exercise.

Front 57

respiratory syncytial virus

Back 57

RSV- the virus induces fusion of cells causing bronchiolitis

Front 58

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Back 58

chronic bronchitis and emphysema, airway linings are chronically inflammed and produce excessive secretions of the bronchi and chronic dilation and destruction of alveoli

Front 59

pneumothorax

Back 59

an accumulation of air in the pleural space causing the lung on the affected side to collapse partially or completely usually caused by a wound in the chest wall or rupture of the lungs air spaces

Front 60

hemothorax

Back 60

blood in the pleural spaces caused by penetrating chest wounds

Front 61

thoracentesis

Back 61

a large bore needle is inserted between ribs into the peural space to remove fluid when abnormal acumulation of fluid or air in the pleural space

Front 62

tracheotomy

Back 62

the incision in the trachea

Front 63

tracheostomy

Back 63

the procedure for the insertion of a small metal or plastic tube through an incision in the trachea when the pharynx or larynx is obstructed

Front 64

bronchoscopy

Back 64

procedure to look at the airway through an bronchoscope

Front 65

artificial respiration

Back 65

used when a patient has temporarily lost the capacity to breath independently due to an emergency including cases of gas and smoke inhalation, electric shock, drowning, poisining, or paralysis of breathing muscles

Front 66

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Back 66

CPR- cardiac massage and mouth to mouth respiration used to revive perople experiencing cardiac arrest

Front 67

oxygen therapy

Back 67

used to sustain life when a condition interferes with adequate oxygen supply to tissues, moisture is added by bubbling oxygen through water at room temperature or heated. it is delivered by mas, catheter or nasal cannulas

Front 68

or/o

Back 68

mouth

Front 69

pleur/o

Back 69

side, rib

Front 70

capn/o

Back 70

carbon dioxide

Front 71

orth/o

Back 71

straight

Front 72

spir/o or -pnea

Back 72

breathing

Front 73

atel/o

Back 73

incomplete

Front 74

-centesis

Back 74

tapping, perforation

Front 75

pneum/o

Back 75

air, gas

Front 76

pneumon/o

Back 76

lungs

Front 77

endocardium

Back 77

a thin smooth layer of epithelial cells that lines the heart's interior. provides a smooth surface for easy flow as blood travels through the heart. extensions of this membrane cover the flaps of the heart valves

Front 78

myocardium

Back 78

the heart muscle, is the thickest layer, pumps blood through the vessels

Front 79

epicardium

Back 79

serous membrane that forms the thin outermost layer of the heart wall, also considered the visceral layer of the pericardium

Front 80

pericardial cavity

Back 80

located between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers- contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid (pericardial fluid)

Front 81

septum

Back 81

partitions that seperate the hearts right and left chambers from each other.

Front 82

septum

Back 82

partitions that seperate the hearts right and left chambers from each other.

Front 83

trace the flow of blood into the heart, into the lungs, back to the heart, and out of the heart to the body

Back 83

right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk to right and left pulmonary artery to lungs. in lungs enters four pulmonary veins (two left two right) to left atrium. bicuspid (mitral) valve to left ventricle. aortic semilunar valve into aorta to systemic brances to supply body systems. from head neck and uperextermities to superior vena cava and from thorax, abdomen and lower extremities to inferior vena cava to right atrium.

Front 84

describe the four chambers of the heart and their structure

Back 84

two atria seperated by a thin interatrial septum. right atrium recieves returning blood- low o2.left atrium recieves oxygen rich blood as it reeturns from the lungs. The two ventricles are seperated by a thicker more muscular interventricular septum. the right ventricle recieves blood from the right atrium and sends blood to the lungs. the left ventricle pumps oz rich blood to the body

Front 85

what part of the heart is capable of generating the largest force

Back 85

the left ventricle

Front 86

name, locate and describe the heart valves

Back 86

right atrioventricular valve- tricuspid valve. between the tight atrium and right ventricle. coses when right ventricle contracts

Left atrioventricular valve- bicuspid or mitral valve. left atrium to left ventricle. closed when the left ventricle contracts

pulmonary valve- semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. when the right ventricle relaxes pressure drops. back pressure closes the valve and prevents blood from returning to ventricle

aortic valve-semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aorta. when left ventricle relaxes back pressure closes the aortic valve and prevents bacflow into the ventricle

Front 87

chordae tendineae

Back 87

fibrous threads that attach the right and left av valves that stabilize the valve flaps when the ventricles contact so that the bloods force wiill not push the valves up into the atria

Front 88

name the large blood vessels going into and out of the heart

Back 88

superior and inferior vena cava,, pulmonary veins and arteries

Front 89

corony sinus

Back 89

a dilated vein that opens into the right atrium near the inferior vena cava

Front 90

stroke volume

Back 90

yhe volume of blood ejected from the ventricle with each beat

Front 91

cardiac output

Back 91

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Front 92

heart rate

Back 92

the number of times the heart beats per minute

Front 93

cardiac cycle

Back 93

atrial systole- contraction of atria pumps additional blood into the ventricles

ventricular systole- contraction of ventricles pumpss blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries

complete diastole- atria fill with blood which flows directly into the relaxed ventricles

Front 94

systole

Back 94

active phase of contracting

Front 95

diastole

Back 95

resting phase of the heart

Front 96

trace the order in which the electrical impulses travel throught the heart

Back 96

SA node generates the electrical impulse. wave travels throughout the myocardium to each atrium causing the atria to contract. at the same time impulses also travel directly to the av node via the purjunkie giners to the wall of the atrium. av node is stimulated at a slower rate of conduction which allows time for atria to contact and omplete the fililng of the ventricles. the excitation wave traves through the av bundle and then throughout the ventricular walls by means of the bundle brances

Front 97

what is the pacemaker of the heart

Back 97

The sinoatrial (SA) node

Front 98

affect of the sympathetic nervous system

Back 98

stressors activate the sympathetic nerve system- sympathetic fibers increase the contraction rate by stimulating the SA and AV nodes. increase the contraction force and stroke volume by acting directly on the fibers of the myocardium

Front 99

affect of the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 99

decreases the heart rate. the nerve that spplies the heart is the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) It slows the heart rate by acting on the SA and AV nodes. no influence on stroke volume

Front 100

ductus arteriosus

Back 100

in the fetus is a small blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta so that some blood headed toward the lungs will enter the aorta instead

Front 101

foramen ovale

Back 101

a small hearts in the fetal heart between the septum between the right and left atria

Front 102

valvular stenosis

Back 102

valves that fail to open completely or have narrowed opening reducing blood flow within and out of heart

Front 103

valvular insufficiency

Back 103

valves that fail to close properly that lead to backflow

Front 104

angioplasty

Back 104

used to open restriced arteries in the heart. a fluoroscope is used to guide a catheter witha balloon to the affected area

Front 105

stent

Back 105

a small tube inserted in a blocked vessel to prevent repeated blockage

Front 106

mmyocardial infarction (MI)

Back 106

heart attack

Front 107

what are the risk factors for cornarty artery disease

Back 107

modifiable-diet, physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, alcohol, drug use

non-modifiable age, gender, heredity, body type,

Front 108

what are the action of anticoagulants

Back 108

used to prevent clot formation in patients with damage to the heart valves

Front 109

what are the action of anticoagulants

Back 109

used to prevent clot formation in patients with damage to the heart valves

Front 110

beta-adrenergic blocking agents

Back 110

reduce sympathetic stimulation of the heart

Front 111

antiarrythmic agents

Back 111

used to regulate the rate and rythm of the heartbeat

Front 112

calcium channel blockers

Back 112

aid in the treatment of coronay heart disease and hypertension bu dialtaing vessels controling the force of the heart contraction, regulate conduction

Front 113

statin drugs

Back 113

drugs that lower blood cholestoral by inhibiting an enzyme theliver needs to manufacture it

Front 114

what is the PQRSTwave and what does each part represent

Back 114

p-depolarization of the atri

QRS depolarization of the ventricles

t- shows ventricular repolarization

Front 115

what are the first blood vessels that branch out from the aorta

Back 115

Coronary arteries

Front 116

what are the first and second heart sounds

Back 116

closing of the AV valves at the end of atrial systole is the first sound. Closing of the semilunar valves at then end of ventricular systole is the second sound