Exam 3

Front 1

Social Perception

Back 1

Process through which we seek to know and understand other people

Front 2

Nonverbal communication

Back 2

We try to gauge mood because we know mood can affect behavior. We use nonverbal cues to figure out someone's mood

Front 3

5 major nonverbal communication

Back 3

Facial expressions, eye contact, body movement, posture, touching

Front 4

Facial expressions

Back 4

There are universal facial expressions that we recognize easily. MOST IMPORTANT.

Front 5

Eye contact

Back 5

Avoiding eye contact and continual eye contact- both have implications

Front 6

Body movement

Back 6

Our body language expresses very telling info

Front 7

Body language

Back 7

Cues provided by the position, posture and movement of others bodies or body parts

Front 8

Posture

Back 8

How do u sit depending on where you are. For example, job interview

Front 9

Touching

Back 9

Most important aspect: is it considered appropriate. For example, hand shake in an interview

Front 10

Nonverbal cues to lying and the effects

Back 10

Speech hesitations, touching face, microexpressions, leg jigling, tone of voive, exaggerated facial expressions. Many people lie at least once a day

Front 11

Attribution theory

Back 11

Understanding the causes of others behavior. We try to assign causes to peoples behavior. We often credit the situation or the individuals disposition.

Front 12

Internal causes

Back 12

Come from a person's stable characteristics

Front 13

External causes

Back 13

Comes from the situation

Front 14

Correspondent inference

Back 14

Theory describing how we use others behavior as a basis for inferring their stable dispositions

Front 15

Internal characteristics- 3 factors

Back 15

1) the behavior is freely chosen 2) it yields non common effect 3) it is low in social desirability

Front 16

Consensus

Back 16

Extent to which other people react to some stimulus or even in the same manner as the person we are consisderjng

Front 17

Consistency

Back 17

Extent to which an individual responds to a given stimulus or situation in the same way on different occasions

Front 18

Distinctiveness

Back 18

Extent to which an individual responds in the same manner to different stimuli or events

Front 19

Fate vs decision

Back 19

Culture and religiosity strongly influenced which view people tend to lean towards fate or decision

Hint 19

Complex casualty is a factor along with fate

Front 20

Action identification

Back 20

Level of interpretation we place on an action; low level b interpretations focus on the action itself, while higher level interpretations focus on its ultimate goals

Front 21

Attribution: sources of error

Back 21

We have a tendency to attribute other people's behavior to something about who they are- their characteristic, personality. We do this even when we know the situation may be influencing their behavior

Front 22

Fundamental attribution error

Back 22

Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional cues on others behavior.m

Front 23

Gender and correspondence

Back 23

We make mistakes about the nature of other people's behavior based on gender

Front 24

3 reasons why the fundamental attribution error occurs

Back 24

1) motivational influences, 2) people are more salient than situations, 3) cognition

Front 25

Motivational influences

Back 25

Attributing other peoples behavior to internal causes is comforting

Front 26

Just world hypothesis

Back 26

Belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

Front 27

Cognition

Back 27

Even though we know that a situation could be driving behavior we still have a tendency to discount it.

Front 28

Actor observer affect

Back 28

For other people we tend to commit the fundamental attribution error and attribute their behaviors to who they are. For us we do the opposite

Front 29

Actor observer bias

Back 29

Remedy to attribute our own behavior mainly to situational causes but the behavior of others mainly to internal causes

Front 30

Self serving bias

Back 30

Tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal causes (ones own trait) but negative outcomes or events to external causes(chance or task difficulty)

Front 31

Attribution theory in depression

Back 31

People who are depressed, tend not to commit the self serving bias. They tend to see the negative outcomes due to internal causes and positive ones to chance

Front 32

First impressions

Back 32

We try to sum people up quickly so we have a sense of what to expect. The concept of first impressions has been linked to Gestalt psychology. Forming a first impression line completing the pictures below. (Square and circle)

Front 33

Thin slices

Back 33

Refers to small amounts of information about others we use to form impressions of them

Front 34

Implicit personality theories

Back 34

Beliefs about what traits or characteristics tend to go together

Hint 34

Birth order effects

Front 35

Impression management

Back 35

Looking good to others

Front 36

Self enhancement

Back 36

Efforts to increase our appeal to others

Hint 36

Grooming, dress, hygiene, and how we talk about our selves

Front 37

Other enhancement

Back 37

Efforts to make someone else feel good in various ways

Hint 37

Fostering others, agreeing with people, doing favors

Front 38

Slime effect

Back 38

Tendency to form very negative impressions of others who play up to their superiors, but treat subordinates with distain and contempt

Front 39

Social cognition

Back 39

The mass cheer in which we interpret, analyze, remember and use information about the social

Front 40

Heuristics

Back 40

Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a rapid and seemingly effortless manner.

Front 41

Prototype

Back 41

Summary of the common attribute possessed by members of a category

Front 42

Availability heuristic

Back 42

Strategy for making judgements on the basis of how easily specific kind of information can be brought to mind

Front 43

Schemas

Back 43

Mental frame work centering on a specific theme that help us to organize social information

Front 44

Schemas influences 3 processes

Back 44

Attention,encoding, and retrieval

Front 45

Attention

Back 45

Attention is selective. Our expectations guide what we pay attention to

Front 46

Encoding

Back 46

This is filling information away in memory; based on how we interpret it. Information that is consistent with our schemas tend to be what we recall. Also stuff very our of the ordinary

Front 47

Retrieval

Back 47

This is taking information from memory. Different memory processes seem to determine which we are more likey to recall info that follows schemas our go against them.

Front 48

Priming

Back 48

A situation that occurs when stimuli our events increase the availability in memory of consciousness of specific types of information held in memory

Front 49

Unpriming

Back 49

Refers to the fact that effects of schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease

Front 50

Metaphor

Back 50

A linguistic device that relates or draws a comparison between one abstract concept and another dissimilar concept

Front 51

Automatic processing

Back 51

Occurs when after extensive experience with a task or type of information, we reach the stage where we can perform the task or process the information in a seemingly effortless, automatic and non conscious manner.

Front 52

Stroop effect

Back 52

Say the word that is spelt not the color of the word

Front 53

Controlled processing

Back 53

We think about how we process information. It takes more cognitibe effort

Front 54

Benefits to automatic processing

Back 54

There appears to be a greater amount of information that can be processed in unconscious thought; conscious thinking is more of a limited capacity system

Front 55

Optimistic bias

Back 55

Our predisposition to expect things to turn out well overall

Hint 55

For example: expect to get divorced after you get married? Expect to die in traffic accident?

Front 56

Overconfidence barrier

Back 56

Tendency to have more confidence in the accuracy of our own judgement than is reasonable

Front 57

Hindsight bias

Back 57

Peoples tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome. Feeling like they knew it all along

Hint 57

Stems from: recalling info that goes along with what you know is true. Motivation to see the world as predicable. Metacognition input

Front 58

Planning fallacy

Back 58

Tendency to make optimistic predictions concerning how long a given task will take for completion

Front 59

Emotional amplification

Back 59

At ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening

Front 60

Upward counterfactual thinking

Back 60

Comparing Current outcomes with one's that would've been better

Front 61

Downward counterfactual thinking

Back 61

Makes us feel better about current outcomes

Front 62

Magical thinking

Back 62

Thinking involving assumptions that don't hold up to rational scrutiny-for example, belief that things that resemble one another share fundamental properties

Front 63

Affect

Back 63

Current mood and feeling

Front 64

Mood congruence effects

Back 64

Fact that we are more likey to store our remember positive information when in a positive mood and negative information when in a negative mood

Front 65

Affective forecasts

Back 65

Predictions about how we would feel about events we have not actually experienced

Front 66

Need for affiliation

Back 66

Basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships

Front 67

Reward theory

Back 67

We will like those who's behavior is rewarding to us and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than Costs

Front 68

Parents

Back 68

The early parent/child relationship affects how we interact with others in life. Theory of attachment may play a role in our later development

Front 69

Attachment

Back 69

An especially close bond formed between living creatures; regards top the period of infancy and the bond with the care giver. Caregivers and infants form different types of attachment relationships

Hint 69

Interpersonal trust and self-esteem are fundamental in the attachment relationship

Front 70

Attachment types

Back 70

Secure attachment, fearful avoidant attachment, preoccupied attachment, dismissing attachment

Front 71

Siblings

Back 71

Contribute to our understanding of interpersonal behavior. Affection is most often the overriding feeling between siblings although rivalry occurs

Front 72

Friendship

Back 72

Woman Tend to have more close friends than men. Perceived similarity matters when forming friendships

Front 73

Close friendships

Back 73

Relationship in which two people spend a Great deal of time together, interact in a variety of situations, and provide mutual emotional support

Front 74

Love

Back 74

A combination of emotions, cognitions,and behaviors that often play a crucial role in intimate relationships

Front 75

Sternberg's triangular models of love

Back 75

Intimacy, passion, decision/commitment

Front 76

Key points in chapter 2

Back 76