Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Enterovirus
1. what is it? 2. how is it different than rhinovirus? 3. 4 types 4. where does tissue damage occur? 5. tx |
1. picornaviruses: small, naked, ss+RNA
2. acid stable; peak replication is 37C (vs. acid-labile and 33C) 3. poliovirus, echovirus, coxsacchie, hep A 4. 2' sites; not GI/RT 5. none |
|
|
Poliovirus
1. what is it? 2. what does it infect? 3. 3 presentations 4. hallmark symptom 5. Vaccines |
1. enterovirus/picornavirus: naked ss+RNA
2. LMNs 3. abortive poliomyelitis (nonspecific fever); aseptic meningitis (meningeal irritation); paralytic poliomyelitis 4. flaccid paralysis without sensory loss 5. salK (is Killed; SQ) and sabiN (is Not; oral) |
|
|
Coxsackie and Echovirus
1. what are they? 2. claim to fame 3. Coxsackie B disease 4. Coxsackie A16 disease 5. Coxsackie A disease 6. Echovirus 19 disease |
1. enterovirus/picornavirus: naked ss+RNA
2. aseptic meningitis 3. myocarditis/pericarditis 4. hand, foot, and mouth disease (vesicular eruption) 5. herpangina (white papules on pharynx/tonsils) 6. rash |
|
|
Herpes Simplex Virus
1. what is it? 2. where is it latent at? 3. HSV-1 symptoms 4. HSV-2 symptoms 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. envelopd (from host nuclear membrane) dsDNA
2. trigeminal ganglia (HSV1) and sacral dorsal root ganglia (HSV2) 3. initial gingivostomatitis w/ recurrent skin leasions, keratoconjuctivitis, or encephalitis 4. genital vesicles, aseptic meningitis, interstitial pneumonia (in bonemarrow trans pts) 5. Tzanck prep (multinucleated cells) 6. Acyclovir |
|
|
What does HSV do to host cell?
|
shuts off its metabolism, enlarged and displaces nucleolus, basophilic inclusions bodies (early in infection), and eosinophilic inclusion bodies (late), cells round up and attach to each other
|
|
|
Rabies
1. what is it? 2. 2 types 3. viral progression 4. symptoms 5. Dx |
1. rhabdovirus: enveloped ss-; bullet shaped
2. Urban rabies (dags) and sylvatic rabies (bats, skunks, etc) 3. infects nerve endings, replicates in striated mm, retrograde trans to CNS 4. hydrophobia, spasms, paralysis, foaming at mouth, agressiveness |
|
|
How to you treat rabies?
|
debride wound, don't suture it, give passive immunization at bite site, then killed vaccine at a different site
|
|
|
West Nile Virus
1. what is it? 2. resrvoir/hosts 3. transmission 4. 2 presentatimions |
1. Flavivirus/arbovirus
2. reservoir: wild birds (crows); dead end host: humans, horses 3. mosquitoes (Culex spp) 4. West Nile Fever (mild HA, rash LAD); West Nile Encephalitis/Meningitis (Severe fever, nuchal rigidity, paralysis) |
|
|
Arboviruses (What family of viruses do these belong to?
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis 2. Powassan Virus 3. St. Louis encephalitis 4. West Nile Virus |
1. Alpha virus of togaviridae
2. flavivirus (only tickborne) 3. flavivirus 4. flavivirus |
|
|
Prion
1. what is it? 2. what is it NOT resistant to? 3. what makes it infectious? 4. symptoms |
1. infectious protein w/ no nucleic acids
2. phenol, ether, NaOH, bleach 3. conformational change from alpha helix (normal; PrPc) to Beta pleated sheet (pathogenic; PrPsc) 4. vacuolation/spongiform changes in brain; fatal |
|
|
Kuru
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. geography 4. symptoms |
1. prion
2. eating brains 3. Fore tribes in New Guinea 4. ataxia, tremors, but not dementia |
|
|
Creutzfeld Jakob Disease
1. what is it? 2. 2 methods of transmission 3. symptoms |
1. prion
2. hereditary or iatrogenicallly (ex: corneal transplant) 3. dementia, ataxia, aphasia, vision loos, etc |
|
|
Variant Creutzfeld-Jakob (Bovine spongiform encepholpathy)
1. aka 2. transmision 3. symptoms 4. Dx |
1. mad cow disease
2. eating infectious bovine tissues ( 3. early psychiatric symptoms followed by slurred speech, ataxia, tremor, and UMN problems 4. PrP-res protein in tonsil biopsy |
|
|
Mumps
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors? 3. symptoms 4. 4 complications 5. Dx |
1. paramyxovirus: nonseg env ss-RNA
2. hemagglutination and Neuraminidase (form spikes) 3. feveral and parotid swelling 4. aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, hearing loss, orchitis 5. syncytial giant cells and viral hemagglutin in monkey kidney |
|
|
Measles
1. what is it? 2. symptoms 3. complications 4. DX |
1. paramyxovirus: enveloped, nonseg ss-RNA
2. koplik spots, rash (starts at face moves down), cough, runny nose, fever 3. bacterial superinfection, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE; personaltiy changes, poor school performance, etc) 4. warthin-finkleday cells |
|
|
Influenza
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. 3 subgroups 4. main problem 5. Complications 6. Dx 7. Tx |
1. orthomyxovirida: segmented env ss-RNA
2. hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), Ag drifts (small changes), Ag shifts (major changes, pandemics) 3. A (severe, Ag unstable, epidemics), B (more Ag stable), C (mild URI) 4. desquamation of resp epithelium 5. bacterial superinfection, Reyes syndrome (fatty liver and cerebral edema in kids taking aspirin) 6. patchy chest Xray, hyalin coated infiltrate 7. only A (amantadine/rimantadine= inhib uncoating); A & B (inhaled Zanmivir and oral Osteltamavir=inhib NA) |
|
|
Parainfluenza
1. what is it 2. virulence factors 3. symptoms |
1. paramyxovirus: nonseg enveloped ss-RNA
2. a single HN glycoprotein (has HA and NA activities), fusion protein (F) 3. bark like cough, croup in fall (types 1-3), severe LRI any season (3), mild URI (4) |
|
|
Common causes of meningitis
1. Newborns 2. Infants-4yo 3. 4-40yo 4. 40+ 5. immunosuppressed |
1. S. agalactiae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes
2. S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, Enterovirus 3. S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis 4. all of the above, crytpococcus neoformans, Mycobacteria, L. monocytogenes |
|
|
CSF analysis of meningitis
1. bacterial 2. viral 3. fungal |
1. high inc in WBCs (neutrophils) and protein, and large decrease in glucose
2. high inc in WBCs (mononuclear cells) and protein, normal glucose 3. slight inc in WBCs (mononuclear) and protein and slight dec in glucose |
|
|
Streptococcus pneumonia
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. what does it cause? 4. complications 5. Tx 6. Vaccine |
1. alpha hemolytic G+ diplococci
2. capsule (antiphagocytic), choline binding protein, autolysin, pneumolysin (pore forming), neuraminidase (NA; cleaves sialic acid), PspA (blocks C'), M protein (antiphag), protein F (binds Langerhans) 3. pneumococcal meningitis 4. Mycotic Aortic Aneurism (lower back/upper thigh pain, abd distension) 5. 3rd gen cephalosporin 6. 23-valent (adults), 7-valent (kids) |
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. symptoms 4. Dx 5. Tx |
1. g+ bacilli; intracellular pathogen
2. internalin (entry), listerolysin O (escape from vacuole), ActA/gelsolin (comet tails) 3. stiff neck, cyanosis, inability to speak, obey commands, or withdraw from painful stimuli 4. "tumbling motility", inside macrophages, darkfield microscopy 5. penicillin, ampicillin, bactrim (3rd gen ceph don't work w/o ampicillin) |
|
|
Brain Abscess
1. what causes it? 2. what is it associated with in kids? in adults? 3. symptoms 4. what shouldn't you do for diagnosis? 5. Tx |
1. anaerobic normal flora of URT
2. kids = congenital heart disease and ENT infections; adults = infective endocarditis, pulmonary disorders 4. spinal tap (may cause brain herniation) 5. 3rd gen ceph and metronidazole |
|
|
Haemophilus influenze Type B
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. Dx 4. Tx 5. Vaccine |
1. Gram - bacilli
2. polysaccharide capule, LPS endotoxin, IgA protease (attachment) 3. chocolate agar or blood agar (satellite colonies around S. aureus), oxidase (+) 4. 3rd gen ceph or ampicillin 5. PRP-protein conjugate vaccine (Ab against capsule) |
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. virulence factors 4. symptoms 5. complications 6. Dx 7. Tx |
1. fungal yeast
2. inhalation (pigeon nests) 3. antiphagocytic capsule (glucuroxylomannan-GXM) 4. malaise, confusion, maybe fever 5. pulmonary dissemination (esp AIDS pts) 6. India ink (stain), mucicarmine (tissue sample), GXM PS Ag 7. amphotericin B and 5FC |
|
|
Toxoplasmosis gondii
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. 3 forms 4. symptoms in immunosuppressed 5. Tx. |
1. obligate intracellular sporozoan
2. ingestion of infective oocysts from contaminated cat feces 3. oocyst (spread from cat, survives stomach acid), trophozoite (responsible for disease), tissue cyst (survives stomach acid) 4. neurologic symptoms (major cause of encephalitis in AIDS) 5. pryimethamine and sulfonamides |
|
|
Clostridium tetani
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. virulence factors 4. symptoms 5. Tx 6. Vaccine |
1. G+ bacilli; obligate anaerobe, spore former
2. spores survive in soil and enter injury 3. tetanospasm (inhib NT release from inhib neurons = constanst contraction) 4. trismus (lock jaw), risus sardonicus (grimace), opisthotonos (arched back), muscle rigidity 5. bezodiazepines (mm. relaxers) 6. DTap every 10 years |
|
|
Clostidium botulinm
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. virulence factors 4. symptoms 5. 3 types 6. Tx for adults? infants? |
1. gram + bacilli; obligate anaerobe, spore former
2. spors in soil, pond, lake 3. botulism toxin (prevents Ach release; most potent lethal substance); A (worst), B, and E cause human disease 4. dry mouth, blurry vision, flaccid motor paralysis 5. wound botulism (black tar heroine), food botulism (home canned goods), infant botulism (honey; feeble cry/poor suck) 6. adults = respiratory support + antitoxin; infants = only respiratory support |
|
|
N. meningitides
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. symptoms 4. Dx Tx |
1. gram - diplococci
2. polysaccharide capsule (antiphag), LPS (inhib C'), IgA protease 3. fever, DIC, meningitis (4-40yo) 4. penicillin or 3rd gen ceph |
|
|
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. claim to faim 4. Dx 5. Tx |
1. paramyxovirus: enveloped nonseg ss-RNA
2. G protein (attachment), F protein (fusion/syncytium formation) 3. respiratory illness in <1yo 4. fusion/syncium in tissue culture 5. Ribavirin aerosol |
|
|
Adenovirus
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. symptoms 4. complications |
1. naked dsDNA
2. fecal oral or respiratory 3. conjunctivitis from swimming pools, resp disease in military 4. acute hemorrhagic cystitis and gastroenteritis (40 and 41) |
|
|
Rhinovirus
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. how is it different than enteroviruses? 4. claim to faim |
1. picornavirus: naked, ss+RMA
2. respiratory, binds ICAM-1 3. acid labile, optimum growth temp 33C (vs. acid stable, 37C) 4. common cold |
|
|
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. symptoms 4. 3 related disorders 5. Dx 6. Tx side effects |
1. herpesviridae: env dsDNA
2. saliva; infects B cells by binding CD21/CR2 3. fever, fatigue, pharyngitis, LAD, hepatosplenomegaly 4. African Burkitts lymphoma (C-myc), Nospharyngeal carcinoma, lymphoproliferative disorder, hairy oral leukoplakia 5. heterophile (Paul-Bunnell) Ab, atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells) 6. rash w/ ampicillin |
|
|
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
1. what causes it? 2. reservoir 3. symptoms 4. who has the worst outcome? |
1. coronavirus: env ss+RNA
2. mammals/birds 3. 1st sign is fever and nonproductive cough 4. diabetes mellitus pts |
|
|
Coronovirus
1. what is it? 2. where does it replicate 3. symptoms |
1. env ss+RNA (club-shaped peplomer)
2. cytoplasm of nasal epi. cells 3. common cold: nasal discharge, malaise, no cough or sore throat |
|
|
Hantavirus
1. what is it? 2. what does it infect 3. reservoir/transmission 4. claim to fame 5. 2 phases 6. Dx |
1. bunyaviridae: env ss-RNA
2. capillary endothelial cells in lungs and alveolar macrophages 3. deer mice/inhalation from deer mouse feces 4. Sin Nombre Virus 5. prodromal: fever, malaise, HA, anorexia, then cough and tachypnea; cardiopulmonary: shock and pulmonary edema till death 6. Kerley B lines, elevated WBC w/ left shift |
|
|
Coronovirus
1. what is it? 2. where does it replicate 3. symptoms |
1. env ss+RNA (club-shaped peplomer)
2. cytoplasm of nasal epi. cells 3. common cold: nasal discharge, malaise, no cough or sore throat |
|
|
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
1. what is it? 2. where does it replciate? 3. virulence factors 4. symptoms 5. Dx |
1. acid fast rod w/ waxy cell wall
2. naive macrophages 3. sulfatides (intracellular survival), cord factor (inhib cell respiration), tuberculin (DTH, granulomas) 4. fever, chills, weight loss, night sweats, cough 5. PPD skin test, Lowenstein-Jensen Culture, AFB smear |
|
|
Tuberculosis skin testing
|
1. + PPD skin test
>5mm: contact w/ active TB pt >10mm: healthcare worker, immigrant, IV drug user >15mm: low risk pts |
|
|
Tuberculosis Tx
|
2. Primary active infection (6mo Tx)
0-2mo: INH + Rifampin + PZA + ethambutol 2-6mo: INH + Rifampin Latent TB (9mo tx) INH + Vit B6 |
|
|
Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT): 4 species
|
1. M. kansasii (photochromogen): IS pts
2. M. avium (non-photochromagen): most common AIDS systemic infection 3. M. fortuitum (rapid growth): post surgical, foreign implants 4. M. leprae: leprosy |
|
|
Legionella
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. virulence factors 4. symptoms 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. G- bacilli, flagella (motile), intracellular pathogen
2. inhaled from infected water source (water heaters, cooling tanks, etc) 3. OMP (pore former), MIP (intracellular survival), pili, flagella, protein toxins, extracts iron 4. pontiac fever (nonpneumonic illness), Legionnare's disease (pneumonia, fever, nonproductive cough) 5. silver impreg, BCYE 6. azithro/erythromycin, rifampin |
|
|
Corynebacterium diphteria
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. symptoms 4. complications 5. Dx |
1. G+ bacilli
2. diptheria toxin: bacteriophage-made AB toxin prevents protein synthesis via inhib EF2, iron (expression of virulence) 3. pharyngitis, bull-neck, gray pseudomembrane 4. guillan barre like symptoms, acute myocarditis 5. potassium tellurite (Tinsdale) |
|
|
Bordatella pertussis
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. 3 stages 4. complications 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. G- coccobacilli
2. filamentous hemagglutinin (Fha), pertussis toxin (AB), pili, pertactin (OMP), adenylate cyclase (apoptosis), tracheal cytotoxin 3. stages -catarrhal: common cold -paroxysmal: whooping cough (antiobiotcs ineffective) -convalescent 4. nicotinamide supplemented Regan Lowe or Bordet-Gengou agar 5. erythro/azithrymycin b4 paroxysmal |
|
|
Bacillus anthracis
1. what is it? 2. reservoir 3. virulence factors 4. 2 syndromes 5. tx |
1. G+ bacilli, spore former
2. sheep, goats, cattle 3. polyglutamic capsule (antiphag), edema factor and lethal toxin (exotoxins) -cutaneous: blask eshcar -pulmonary (woolsorter disease): thoracic hemorrhagic necrotizing LAD 5.penicillin, erythro, doxycycline, cipro |
|
|
Actinomyces israelli
1. what is it? 2. normal flora of..? 3. symptoms 4. Dx 5. Tx |
1. G+ bacilli, anaerobe
2. GI and mouth 3. chronic suppurative infection, lumpy jaw 4. sulfure granules 5. penicillin G |
|
|
Nocardia asteroides
1. what is it? 2. who is affected? 3. transmission 4. symptoms 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. G+ bacilli
2. immunosuppressed pts 3. thorn prick 4. bronchopneumonia or cutaneous (pustule, regional LAD, fever) 5. weakly acid fast 6. sulfonamide, bactrim |
|
|
Histoplasma capsulatum
1. what is it? 2. transmission 3. virulence factors 4. main difference from Blastomycoses 5. symptoms 6. Dx 7. Tx |
1. dimorphic fungus
2. inhalation of bird/bat droppings 3. NO CAPSULE, attaches CD18 4. intracellular; disseminates to RES 5. fever, cough, mediastinal and hilar LAD, adrenal failure (complication) 6. tuberculate macrocondia, lung calcification on Xray, Sauborauds, silver stain 7. amphotericin B or azole |
|
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. main difference from histoplasma 4. symptoms 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. dimorophic fungus
2. BAD1 (surface gp that binds ECM) 3. extracellular; disseminates to skin 4. skin lesions, cough, sputum, chestpain 5. sauboraud's, silver stain 6. amphotericin B (for disseminated) |
|
|
Coccidioides immitis
1. what is it? how is it an exception? 2. virulence factors 3. 2 syndromes 4. tx |
1. dimorphic fungi; forms spherule instead of yeast in tissue
2. arthroconidia, proteases spherule OM (antiphag) 3. Valley fever (fever, joint pain, maybe rash) and Erythema nodosum (itch/burn, red tender nodules) 4. amphotericin B |
|
|
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1. what is it? 2. symptoms 3. Dx 4. Tx |
1. dimorphic fungus
2. chronic mucocutaneous (oral/nasal) or cutaneous ulcers 3. multiple blastoconidia (pilot wheel appearance) 4. sulfonamides, amphotericin B, azoles |
|
|
Aspergillosis
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. symptoms 4. predisposing factor 5. Dx 6. Tx |
1. rapidly growing mold
2. adherence proteins, elastase, protease, phospholipase 3. multifocal pulmonary infiltrates, pneumonia 4. neutropenia 5. large, branching, septate hypae, BAL 6. voriconizole |
|
|
Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci)
1. what is it? 2. virulence factors 3. claim to fame 4. Tx |
1. used to be a protozan, now considered a fungi (but no mannan, glucan, or ergosterol)
2. major surface glycoprotein (MSG; attachment) 3. lethal pneumonia in AIDS 4. Bactrim |
|
|
Mucromycosis
1. 3 types 2. what is it? 3. main symptom 4. Dx 5. Tx |
1. Rhizopus, Adsidia, Mucor
2. saprophytes in soil 3. diabetic ketoacidosis 4. black nasal dicharge, riboon-like nameplate hyphae 5. amphotericin B (rapidly fatal) |
