Exam 3

Front 1

Where can proks be found? How can you see them?

Back 1

Almost EVERYWHERE!

must be seen through a microscope

Front 2

How do proks differ? What are the different shapes? What does Gram+ vs Gram– mean?

Back 2

Spherical (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), Spiral (spirochaete);
peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram+ lots of peptidoglycan
Gram- very little peptidoglycan

Front 3

What are the functions of the cell wall in proks? How are they different from euks? Bacteria vs. Archaea?

Back 3

maintain cell shape/protection/
prevents bursting in hypotonic
Euks = cellulose or chiton
Proks Bact. = peptidoglycan
Arch.= polysaccharide/protein

Front 4

What structures may be found along the cell wall surface? What’s their functions?

Back 4

capsule(stky polysacchs/protein)
fimbrae & pili(hair-like)
all serve to adhere to substrate
or others to form colony

Front 5

How do proks move? Why do they need to move?

Back 5

flagella (corkscrew rotations)

taxis - able to move toward/away
from stimuli
towards food / away from danger

Front 6

How are proks internal organization different from euks? Who has more DNA & where is it found in proks?

Back 6

proks less complex compartmentalization than euks
proks have 1/1000 the DNA of euk
located in "nucleoid region"

Front 7

What are plasmids? Functions?

Back 7

circular DNA contains few genes

ANTIbiotic ReSiStAnCe & directs MeTaBoLiSm
transfered during conjugation

Front 8

How is prok reproduction special? How fast can they reproduce (nature vs. laboratory)? What are endospores?

Back 8

reproduce by BINARY FISSION
between 1-3 hrs (some in 20min)
in nature bc nonideal conditions
endospores-resistant cells that remain viable in harsh condition

Front 9

What is the advatage of horizontal gene transfer?

Back 9

results in rapid generation times.
facilitates rapid evolution as environments change

Front 10

What 4 modes of nutrition are exhibited by proks? Whats the energy & carbon source for each type? Can you give examples of proks that utilize each type?

Back 10

photoauto/chemoauto/photohetero
chemotrophy
auto-from CO2/het-from organics
photo-Energy from light / chemo-Energy from organics

Front 11

What are the 3 forms of oxygen metabolism in proks?

Back 11

Obligate aerobes - require O2
Facultive anaerobes - survive w/ or w/o O2
Obligate anaerobes - poisoned by O2 (found underground)

Front 12

What is the role of nitrogen fixating bacteria? What are some examples of metabolic coorperation in proks?

Back 12

some convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia NH3
Anabaena has PHOTOsynthetic & NITROgen fixing cells. they eXchange metabolic products.

Front 13

Why has the taxonomy of proks changed so drastically in recent years?

Back 13

molecular systematics
instead of phenotypic criteria like shape, motility, nutrition mode, and cell wall structure

Front 14

What are the two domains of proks? How are they related to euks and how do they differ?

Back 14

Bacteria & Archaea
BOTH have circular chromosome
Bacteria have peptidoglycan
Archaea does not

Front 15

What are the 5 major groups of bacteria? Which are the largest?

Back 15

Chlamydias (Chlamydia)/ Spirochetes (syphilis)/Gram+(TB) /Cyanobacteria (oscillatoria)/ Protobacteria (5 sub groups)
Gram+ & Proto are the LARGEST!

Front 16

What are the 5 subgroups of proteobacteria?

Back 16

Alpha
Beta
Gamma (salmonella)
Delta
Epsilon (stomach ulcers)

Front 17

What’s an extremeophile? What are the 3 different types? In what environments can each be found? What do they do?

Back 17

Archaea under EXTREME conds.
Thermo(hot environs. use:PCR)
Halo(high saline environs.
pigment bacteriorhodopsin)
Meth(releasCH4/swamps&cowguts)

Front 18

What critical roles do bacteria play in the biosphere? What would life be like without them?

Back 18

Chemical recycling, act as symbiots w/ euks, pathogens that control populations
Life wouldn't exist w/o them

Front 19

How do different proks help cycle chemicals? What Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes do? Nitrogen fixing proks? Autotrophic proks?

Back 19

Chemohetero - decomposers
Nitro - make usable nitrogen
Autothrophs - use CO2 to make
organic compounds used as food
throughout the food web

Front 20

What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships? Can you give an example of a symbiotic prok relationship?

Back 20

Mutualism (in my intestines,
help digest food)
Commensalism (bioluminescence)
RARE
Parasitism (parasites in host)

Front 21

How do proks cause disease in humans? What percentage of human diseases are caused by proks? What are some examples?

Back 21

release of exo- and endotoxins
50% of human disease from proks
Lyme disease, Cholera, Botulism
Anthrax

Front 22

How do humans use proks in everyday life? In research & technology?

Back 22

Cheese and yogurt
TAQ Polymerase in PCR
bioremediation(use organisms to remove pollutants from environs)
vitamins/hormones/antibiotics

Front 23

What are protists? How are they different from & similar to animals, plants, fungus, & proks

Back 23

most unicellular/some R colonial
some look like plants
life cycles similar to fungi
closely related to proks

Front 24

What are the 3 nutritional modes for protists? How do they define their ecological roles?

Back 24

Photoauto - contain chloroplasts
Hetero-absorb organic materials or ingest larger food particles
MIXO-combine photosynthesis & hetero nutrn. (sec.symbiosis)

Front 25

What habitats do protists live in?

Back 25

most R aquatic, but found anywhere there is water
large part of marine plankton community

Front 26

Can you define haplontic, diplontic, & haplodiplontic sexual life cycles? Where does meiosis occur in each? What organisms follow what life cycles?

Back 26

Haplo (zygotic meiosis/fungi & some protists)
Diplo (gametic meiosis/animals)
Haplodiplo (sporic meiosis/ plants & some protists)

Front 27

What’s the difference between meiosis & syngamy

Back 27

Meiosis- DIVISION of sex cells
goes from 2n --> n
Syngamy-UNIFICATION of sex cells
fertilization from n --> 2n
diploid (2n) haploid (1n)

Front 28

Can you describe secondary endosymbiosis? What supports this theory? What organisms are involved?

Back 28

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Front 29

How are diplomonads & parabasalids different & similar? Can you give an example of both?

Back 29

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Front 30

What groups compose the euglenizoan clade? How are they distinguished from other protists?

Back 30

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Front 31

What are kinetoplastids? Euglenids?

Back 31

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Front 32

What groups compose the alveolata clade? How are they distinguished from other protists?

Back 32

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Front 33

What are dinoflagellates? Apicomlexans? Ciliates?

Back 33

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Front 34

How do parameciums reproduce? Know the steps of Conjugation & Reproduction.

Back 34

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Front 35

What groups compose the clade stramenophile? How are they different from other protists?

Back 35

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Front 36

What are examples of oomycetes? How do they acquire nutrients? What are their ecological impacts? Can you describe their life cycle?

Back 36

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Front 37

What are diatoms? What is their commercial use?

Back 37

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Front 38

What is golden algae?

Back 38

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Front 39

What is brown algae? Can you describe a typical seaweed? What are their commercial uses?

Back 39

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Front 40

What is alternation of generations? What organisms follow this sexual life cycle?

Back 40

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Front 41

What are the nutritional modes of fungus? How do they absorb their food?

Back 41

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Front 42

What are the lifestyles of fungus? Can you give examples of each?

Back 42

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Front 43

What is the cellular makeup of fungus? What’s their cell wall made off?

Back 43

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Front 44

What is mycelia? What is the function of hyphae? What are the two types of hyphae? What are exoenzymes?

Back 44

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Front 45

What are Mycorrhizal Fungi and what are their hyphae called? What are the two types of Mycorrhizal Fungi and how do the differ?

Back 45

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Front 46

What is the life cycle type of fungi?

Back 46

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Front 47

Can you define the terms karyogamy, plasmogamy, dikaryotic, heterokaryon?

Back 47

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Front 48

What are fungi called that have not been observed reproducing sexually? Can you give examples?

Back 48

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Front 49

To what kingdom is Fungi most closely related?

Back 49

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Front 50

About how long ago did fungi diverge from animals? Did fungi colonize land alone or as symbiots?

Back 50

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Front 51

Can you name the 5 phyla of fungi?

Back 51

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Front 52

Can you describe what makes each phylum unique? ie lifestyles, morphology, examples

Back 52

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Front 53

Can you describe the lifecycle for members of the Zygo-, Asco-, and Basidiomycota?? Can you define the major sexual structures for each?

Back 53

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Front 54

What is lignin?

Back 54

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Front 55

How have fungus impacted ecosystems and humans? Can you give examples of good and bad effects?

Back 55

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Front 56

Why are decomposers essential?

Back 56

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Front 57

Besides mycorrhizae, what other symbiotic relations do fungus have?

Back 57

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Front 58

What are lichens? What are the different types that exist? What’s involved in this symbiosis? How do the reproduce?

Back 58

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Front 59

How do humans use fungus? How do fungus use humans?

Back 59

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Front 60

What is mycosis? What organisms do fungus infect most often?

Back 60

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Front 61

Don’t Trip!!! You silly-cybins

Back 61

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Front 62

What 4 key traits link all land plants with charophyceans?

Back 62

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Front 63

Can you name 2 types of charophyceans?

Back 63

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Front 64

What did land offer plants & what did they need to invade land?

Back 64

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Front 65

What definition of the plant kingdom do we follow? What are other options?

Back 65

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Front 66

What are the 5 key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but no in charophyceans?

Back 66

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Front 67

Do you understand the hierarchy of plants from green algae to flowering plants?

Back 67

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Front 68

What are bryophytes? Describe their general characteristics (woody? Tall? Vascular?)

Back 68

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Front 69

What are the parts of a bryophyte lifecycle? What dominates the cycle? What are antheridia? archegonia? Rhizoids? Protenemata?

Back 69

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Front 70

Can you name the three bryophyte phyla? How do they differ? Where do they derive there names from?

Back 70

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Front 71

What special types of moss exist? Do they have commercial value?

Back 71

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Front 72

What dominates vascular plant lifecycles? What has happened to the gametophyte stage?

Back 72

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Front 73

Can you describe a fern lifecycle?

Back 73

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Front 74

What is a vascular system? What is the difference between xylem & phloem? Where are these tissues found?

Back 74

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Front 75

What are roots? What do they do for a plant? How did they evolve?

Back 75

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Front 76

What are leaves? What do they do for a plant? How did they evolve? What is the difference b/w microphylls & megaphylls?

Back 76

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Front 77

What is the relationship b/w sporophylls, sproangia, & spores? Compare homosporous vs. heterosporous… what plants fall into these categories?

Back 77

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Front 78

What are the 2 phyla of seedless vascular plants? What plants are members of each? Which is more primitive?

Back 78

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Front 79

Which lycophytes are are homosporous vs. heterosporous?

Back 79

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Front 80

Can you differentiate between the whisk ferns, horsetails, and true ferns? Which group has megaphylls? Which is most diverse?

Back 80

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Front 81

Make sure you know the structures of a true fern!

Back 81

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Front 82

What is the significance of the Carboniferous?

Back 82

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