Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
terror management theory |
how people deal with anxiety and distress that's associated with death - believing in supernatural agents, afterlife, etc. |
|
|
morality salience |
humans are the only creatures to be aware elf our own mortality leads to increased anxiety and distress |
|
|
foxhole atheism |
people who claim not to believe in god who plead with supernatural agents for help in times of distress; both religious and secular people do this different based on type of research: surveys- religion become more extreme implicit- everyone is more likely to associate supernatural stuff with reality think more religiously if primed with death |
|
|
Coping |
when encountering a threatening idea, religious is a framework to help people cope with it. people would rather believe in a system where good and bad people will both suffer VS a system that is chaotic |
|
|
religion as social identity |
70% of americans say that their religion is more of an identity than their ethnicity or geographic location - stable sense of security use this identity to promote continuity and clarity within their own lives: advertise (cross tattoos) create values/make decisions (WWJD?) connect with others affects how we assess others |
|
|
importance of thoughts and attitudes |
thoughts and attitudes are just as important as the behavior; ex: lust (fantasy) & adultery (behavior) electric shock experiment: reported shocks to get less painful when participants thought they were unintentional, but stayed the same when they thought they were intentional |
|
|
halo effect |
if you know someone's beliefs, you'll make judgments on how they will behave |
|
|
religion and cheating |
feeling of being watched = priming less likely to cheat, increased altruism crimes happen in darker areas cheat less when primed w/ vengeful god rather than a loving, forgiving god |
|
|
religious formation of large groups |
religion binds people (hives- form groups under same symbols, morals...) trust facilitates cooperation in large groups |
|
|
homo duplex |
interference of instinctual desires and desire to follow and obey societal pressures and maintain self-control autonomy vs community morals |
|
|
cultural evolution |
strong moral norms leads to competitive advantage |
|
|
how does religion bind communities? |
decrease free-rider problem increased in-group cooperation and altruism mobilize around common causes less critical thinking and questioning |
|
|
view on atheists |
less trusted, less liked by group dealbreaker for candidacy distrust because it's threatening that they aren't governing their behavior in the same way |
|
|
moralizing normal behavior |
examples: when to go to work, who you can have sex with... better able to express self-control when primed with religious ideas religious people less likely to report incidents of adultery lower suicide rather in societies with stricter social norms (tighter societies) |
|
|
religious conflict |
closed-mindedness towards out-group beliefs - "undesirable" conflict between groups (land, money, etc.) also over ideas; people will always say their ideas are most victimized & deserving of things |
|
|
similarities between religious people and secular/atheists |
both have religious experiences: unity with humankind & universe transcendence of time and space (esp w drugs) behavior: rituals, superstitions |
|
|
5 moral foundations |
individual-level morality- promoting CARE, FAIRNESS AND JUSTICE- minimizing harm to others, making sure people are treated equally group-level morality- IN-GROUP LOYALTY (patriotism), AUTHORITY/RESPECT (police, parents), PURITY (sex, food) conservatives score much higher on group-level morality than liberals |
|
|
political change over the lifespan |
very little change over lifespan causes of change: change in geographic location college major political events (9/11) |
|
|
liberals |
justice, equality, fairness prioritizes worldliness & human rights judgments: whether someone was cruel, or acted unfairly care about environment |
|
|
conservatives |
respect to authority loyalty to one's group judgment: whether or not someone acted in a way that God would approve of whether someone caused chaos or disorder traditional american values (flag) would require a lot more money to bash country |
|
|
self-serving bias for political psych |
good estimates for other's behavior, not for oneself "i'm an independent free thinker" - not true |
|
|
"hot" vs "cold" processing for political info |
hot = associative, cold = rational people consciously choose who to vote for but thinking is done under the surface flag priming- more conservative implicit attitudes & voting behavior (8 mn later) |
|
|
self-affirmation |
"here's why i agree with you"... "what about this?" makes others more receptive to different kinds of thinking |
|
|
income inequality and economic behavior |
income inequality steadily rising mortality risks ^ as income decreases (<15,000, 3x more likely to die of illness/injury than someone >70,000) want more of an even distribution causes: educational opportunity, talent, individual effort, ability, environment economy = biggest factor in change of political party |
|
|
skepticism for political arguments |
arguments stronger/weaker based on prior attitude --> polarization, counter-arguments use self-affirmation |
|
|
role of the media |
good for initiating conversation (political satire) good for setting agenda, putting issues on table that will be center of discussions talk about economy more than justice & environment outlet for mass communication, don't shape opinions/voting behavior: source derogation (where you heard it) motivated reasoning (take in what you agree with, disregard what you don't) prefer media for entertainment fatigue, desensitization- get tired of media, stop paying attention |
|
|
commons dilemma |
aka "private goods" dilemma dilemma between doing what's best for the group (including you) versus doing what's best for you in the short-term material sense ex: class activity 6 pts/2 pts. resources (food/fuel), property/land, environmental protection, money/income |
|
|
free rider problem |
"i'll take what others give", don't want to be taken advantage of Prisoner's dilemma -> Diner's dilemma |
|
|
Diner's dilemma |
everyone orders something cheap while you order something expensive, then split billBUT also don't wanna order the cheap thing while everyone else orders something expensive and be the sucker while they're all selfish |
|
|
prisoner's effect |
difficult to establish trust when others are being selfish |
|
|
social loafing |
diffusion of responsibility; free-rider deindividuation pluralistic ignorance - smoke-filled room, bystander effect |
|
|
smoke filled room example |
saw smoke, could detect there was a problem, but didn't say anything; bystander effect |
|
|
how to reduce selfishness |
normative/informative social influence- try to establish a selfless social norm- people will conform to it (recycling) smaller groups identifiability- make ppl identifiable when they act selfishly operant conditioning- rewards and punishments legal measures (last resort) |
|
|
what influences arousal in public performance settings |
group polarization and risky shift power and leadership arousal = status X immediacy X number |
|
|
restricted vs open cognition |
liberals are more likely to be open to new experiences (which may alter their cognition) conservatives are more likely to be "restricted" in their cognition, especially conservatism emphasizes unity (IE: U.S.) |
|
|
pluralistic ignorance |
when everyone in the group is uncertain and looking for clues to appropriate behavior solution: seek understanding and education |
|
|
group polarization and risky shift |
a group collectively decides on a more severe course of action than each of them would have taken alone |
|
|
what are good leaders perceived as |
competent (skilled, knowledgeable) decisive (firm vision) consistent after decision (even when wrong) |
|
|
power myths |
#1: power = resources (cash, muscle, votes) #2 & 3: machiavillains maintain power, power is undirectional |
|
|
what contributes to maintaining power |
charisma, character play as a role, often conditional on success, bottom-up support from subordinates, politeness, respect,t honor |
|
|
power "corrupts" |
(ex: Stanford Prison Experiment) Why: feels good - social acceptance/promotion - now above someone in terms of social hierarchy changes relationships between people alters attention to rewards and punishments gets ppl to do what they want increase auto processes decrease inhibitions increase approach behavior "Drunk w power" |
|
|
robber's cave study |
elementary school boys at sleep away camp randomly split into 1 of 2 groups separated based on group, teamwork/bonding activities in each separate group led to conflict outside of regular camp activities: insults, food fights... spilled over into real life |
|
|
attempts to reduce conflict in robber's cave study |
information ("you both like ___") - failed contact (sit with each other at meals) - failed common goal/enemy - success solution: realistic conflict theory |
|
|
stereotypes |
schemas based on group membership (ethnicity, location, etc) |
|
|
stereotype threat |
a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group |
|
|
asculine traits |
aggressive, dominant, logical, independent (instrumental) |
|
|
feminine |
gentle, submissive, tactful, emotional, talkative (expressive) |
|
|
androgyny |
high degree of BOTH masculine and feminine traits ideal romantic partners are androgynous |
|
|
sex |
defined by physiology (genitalia) |
|
|
gender |
influenced by biological, cultural/social and cognitive factors |
|
|
feminism |
equal rights for women |
|
|
inconsistencies of feminist ideals/actions |
majority of people support feminist ideas 95% support equal pay, 85% maternity leave but sig. less some (and even less men) label as feminists afraid of stigma that the label carries |
|
|
social role theory (gender & sexuality) |
gender differences aren't innate; result of socialization parents, media, peers, siblings school: teachers expect different things from male and female students -- girls score higher grades, diff reinforcements |
|
|
Erotic plasticity |
degree to which sex drives, emotions, attitudes, & behavior can be shaped/altered by cultural & social factors, socialization, and situational concerns |
|
|
mermaid theory |
men will eventually feel sexually attracted to women simply as a result of spending time with them, even if they initially don't find these women attractive at all |
|
|
cheerleader effect |
perceived as more beautiful in a group of ppl rather than individually |
|
|
asymmetric dominance |
when worthless versions of things make similar comparisons seem better |
|
|
misattribution of arousal |
Capilano Canyon Suspension Bridge vs Control Bridge on suspension bridge: increase in attractiveness ratings, likelihood of calling to ask for a date believed they were aroused at female rather than feeling leftover physiological arousal from fear of walking across |
|
|
effect of alcohol on attraction |
everyone appears more attractive after a few drinks, even same-sex targets |
|
|
interdependence model |
satisfaction + investments + quality of alternatives = commitment |
|
|
reactive jealousy |
evidence of misbehavior (finding phone number in pocket) |
|
|
suspicious jealousy |
no evidence of misbehavior, but worry and mistrust bc of behavior |
|
|
what makes you jealous? |
attractiveness seductive behavior social status/dominance (confident, good salary) physical dominance (stronger) |
|
|
men and women diff in jealousy |
when asked what would hurt more (partner falling in love with someone else, or picturing them having sex with someone else), women say emotional infidelity is worse, while men say physical |
|
|
love |
similar effects to drug euphoria you feel when falling in love is similar to the effect that would occur if you were addicted to cocaine |
|
|
symptoms of love |
heightened euphoria, difficulty concentrating, increased levels of dopamine |
|
|
passionate love |
appears to be universal, even tho each culture views love differently (ancient greek, negatively- say it will ruin life, west idealizes & fantasizes) involves intense feelings or sexual attraction like drug, initial spike and then drop may be quick to fade |
|
|
compassionate love |
involves feelings of mutual respect, trust, and affection, commonly increases across the lifespan endures spouse as bff |
|
|
social exchange theory |
proposes that social behavior is the reason result of an exchange process. the purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
random acts of kindness w/ those that you're close with will add a lot to the relationship if they accumulate over time |
|
|
outcomes vs costs |
outcomes = rewards - costs ppl weigh the potential benefits and risks of sisal relationships. when the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or abandon the relationship |
|
|
communal relationship |
benefits are given out of concern for the well-being and welfare of the other person |
|
|
exchange relationship |
benefits are given with the expectation of receiving a future benefit in return (relationships as marketplace) |
|
|
comparison level (CL) |
satisfaction = outcomes-CL standard representing what people feel they should receive in the way of rewards and costs from a particular relationship. what people think they deserve |
|
|
comparison level alternatives |
dependence = outcome - CLalt refers to the lowest level of relational rewards a person is willing to accept given available rewards from alternative relationships or being alone. if someone believes they have a better alt or reason not to be in the relationship they are currently in |
|
|
lack of alternatives |
leads to unsatisfying/abusive relationships importance of social support and economic resources |
|
|
better than average effect |
see partner/relationship as better than it actually is |
|
|
attachment theory |
(attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space)
makes the claim that the ability for an individual to form an emotional and physical "attachment" to another person gives a sense of stability and security necessary to take risks, branch out, and grow and develop as a personality |
|
|
what determines level of commitment to a relationship? |
rewards and costs and what we see as fair balance a comparison with potential alt relationships how much we have already invested in the relationship if you share material resources (home, car) kids, friends... could lose them if relationship were to end |
|
|
4 types of conflict |
constructive/active = voice constructive/passive = loyalty destructive/active = exit destructive/passive = neglect not always bad; constructively addressing conflict is helpful correlated w/ relationship satisfaction, couples often feel closer after conflict |
|
|
infidelity |
major cause for divorce happens in 40-50% of relationships, 20-45% of marriages and ^ ppl who are cheated on are at risk of mental health issues not sure what qualifies as cheating bc never discussed it- could be having sex with someone else, cybersex, emotional betrayal... |
|
|
3 attachment styles |
anxious, secure, avoidant
|
|
|
anxious attachment style |
craves intimacy and closeness
consider relationships fragile & are sensitive to even minor shifts in a partner's mood and the subtle nuances of relationships have harder time telling love interests that they want b/c they don't want to create conflict |
|
|
avoidant attachment style |
can be difficult to predict feel uncomfortable or suffocated if they sense the love interest is getting too close often leads them to pull away want deep romantic relationships but to protect themselves from potential heartbreak, they repress those feelings & create distance b/w themselves and their partners |
|
|
secure attachment style |
reliable, relationship oriented & do a good job at communicating what they want as well as responding to partners' needs when disagreements happen, they tend to stay calm & are ready to talk it out comfortable w intimacy, willing to address probe |
|
|
effects of secure attachment |
individuals: satisfaction, passion, positive emotion couples: better & more sex, better comm., conflict res, more intimacy/closeness |
|
|
"secure base" |
"live a bigger life" higher autonomy (dependency paradox) better general mental health higher level of openness, curiosity |
|
|
effects of attachment |
decrease inter-group bias increase positive attitudes toward out-groups (esp w/ nationality & religion) increase altruism and prosocial behavior |
|
|
matching hypothesis |
idea that people are more likely to form successful relationships with and express liking for ppl whose level of physical attractiveness roughly equals their own |
