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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA |
Molecule of heredity, stores genetic info |
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Nucleotide |
Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base |
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Nucleotides are connected by what bonds |
Covalent bonds |
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Nucleotides are connected by covalent bonds between _______&______, forming the _________of a long strand |
Phosphate, sugar, backbone |
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2 strands of DNA are held together by.... |
Hydrogen bonds |
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Bonds of A---T |
2 hydrogen bonds |
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Bonds of C---G |
3 hydrogen bonds |
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Antiparallel |
1 strand with Nucleotides facing "up" & 1 strand with Nucleotides facing "down" |
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Franklin & Wilkins |
Franklin's x-ray diffraction revealed dimensions and helical shape of DNA |
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Watson & Crick |
Discovered structure of DNA by model building 1953 |
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Cancer |
Results from out of control cell division |
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Tumor |
Mass of cells formed by unregulated cell division; has no function in body |
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Benign tumor |
Stays in 1 place; no effect on surrounding tissue |
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Malignant tumor |
Cancer... Invades and destroys surrounding tissue |
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Metastasis |
Cells break away from primary tumor and form new tumors elsewhere |
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Lymphatic system |
Lymph nodes are usually removed and checked when a tumor is surgically removed |
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How cancer cells differ from normal cells |
Divide when shouldn't Invade surrounding tissue Move to other locations in body |
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Growth |
Cell duplicates its contents |
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Cell division |
Parent cell contents divide into 2 daughter cells |
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Chromatin |
DNA and associated proteins have appearance of thin threads |
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Where is DNA |
Nucleus of cell |
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DNA carries genes |
Instructions for building all the proteins a cell needs |
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Chromosome |
1 long strand of DNA packaged with proteins |
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Chromosome number |
Differs among species humans 46 |
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Replicated chromosome |
Pair of identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere |
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Why do chromosomes condense |
During cell division so that they can be moved without tangling |
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4 steps of DNA replication 1 |
The 2 strands of a DNA molecule are pulled apart |
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4 steps of DNA replication 2 |
New Nucleotides bind to those on each strand due to complimentary base pairing |
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4 steps of DNA replication 3 |
DNA polymerase bonds the new Nucleotides together |
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4 steps of DNA replication 4 |
The result is 2 identical DNA molecules |
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The 2 resulting DNA molecules are found.... |
In each of a pair of sister chromatids |
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Prophase |
Chromosomes condense nuclear envelope disinegrates |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up at the equator |
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Anaphase |
Centromeres pulled apart & chromatids forced to opposite poles |
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Telephase |
Nuclear envelope surrounds new sister cells, prep for cleaving begins |
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Cytokenesis |
Cells completely separate from each other |
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G1 phase |
1 phase of interphase, growth |
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S phase |
2nd phase of interphase, DNA replication |
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G2 |
3rd phase of interphase, additional growth and replication |
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Function of cell divison (mitosis) |
Growth and repair |
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Cell cycle |
Lifecycle of the cell, reproduction Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis |
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Checkpoint 1 |
G1- cell division necessary Are growth factors present Is cell large enough Sufficient nutrients available |
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Checkpoint 2 |
G2- Was DNA replicated correctly Is the cell large enough |
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Checkpoint 3 |
Metaphase- are all the chromosomes attached to the microtules |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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What causes mutations/cancers |
Carcinogens |
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Proton-oncogenes |
Normal genes that stimulate cell division |
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Oncogenes |
Mutated genes that cause cancer |
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Multiple hit model |
Multiple genes need to mutate to cause cancer genes |
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Contact inhibition |
An area of the body that normal cells won't let bad cells grow out of control |
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Treatment of cancer |
Biopsy Surgery/chemo/radiation |
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Karyotype |
Arangment of a genome |
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Meiosis 1 |
2 haploid cells |
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Meiosis 2 |
2 haploid cells |
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Angeogenisis |
Vascularization of a tumor, results in better nutrient supply & oxygen for the tumor |
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When does crossing over occur and what is it |
Prophase 1, arms of homologous chromosomes exchange pieces |
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Tetrad |
Homologous replicated chromosomes come together |
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Independent assortment |
Either a pair of homologous chromosomes can face either pole; allows new combinations of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Interkenesis |
Resting period between meiosis 1&2 |
